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Ampicillin is an antibiotic belonging to the aminopenicillin class of the penicillin family. The drug is used to prevent and treat several bacterial infections , such as respiratory tract infections , urinary tract infections , meningitis , salmonellosis , and endocarditis . [ 7 ]
In pharmacology, an effective dose (ED) or effective concentration (EC) is the dose or concentration of a drug that produces a biological response. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] The term "effective dose" is used when measurements are taken in vivo , while "effective concentration" is used when the measurements are taken in vitro .
The following is a list of antibiotics. The highest division between antibiotics is bactericidal and bacteriostatic . Bactericidals kill bacteria directly, whereas bacteriostatics prevent them from dividing.
The first list was published in 1977 and included 208 medications. [8] [2] [9] The WHO updates the list every two years. [10] There are 306 medications in the 14th list in 2005, [11] 410 in the 19th list in 2015, [10] 433 in the 20th list in 2017, [12] [13] 460 in the 21st list in 2019, [14] [15] [16] and 479 in the 22nd list in 2021.
A V D greater than the total volume of body water (approximately 42 liters in humans [5]) is possible, and would indicate that the drug is highly distributed into tissue. In other words, the volume of distribution is smaller in the drug staying in the plasma than that of a drug that is widely distributed in tissues. [6]
C max is the maximum (or peak) serum concentration that a drug achieves in a specified compartment or test area of the body after the drug has been administered and before the administration of a second dose. [1] It is a standard measurement in pharmacokinetics.
Where AUC refers to the concentration of the drug in the blood over time t = 0 to t = ∞, C max refers to the maximum concentration of the drug in the blood. When T max is given, it refers to the time it takes for a drug to reach C max.
Additional side effects can result from interaction with other drugs, such as the possibility of tendon damage from the administration of a quinolone antibiotic with a systemic corticosteroid. [51] Some antibiotics may also damage the mitochondrion, a bacteria-derived organelle found in eukaryotic, including human, cells. [52]