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Lewis dot structure of a Hydroxide ion compared to a hydroxyl radical. In chemistry, a radical, also known as a free radical, is an atom, molecule, or ion that has at least one unpaired valence electron. [1] [2] With some exceptions, these unpaired electrons make radicals highly chemically reactive. Many radicals spontaneously dimerize. Most ...
In chemistry and biology, reactive oxygen species (ROS) are highly reactive chemicals formed from diatomic oxygen (O 2), water, and hydrogen peroxide. Some prominent ROS are hydroperoxide (O 2 H), superoxide (O 2 −), [1] hydroxyl radical (OH.), and singlet oxygen. [2] ROS are pervasive because they are readily produced from O 2, which is ...
Dissociation in chemistry is a general process in which molecules (or ionic compounds such as salts, or complexes) separate or split into other things such as atoms, ions, or radicals, usually in a reversible manner.
The sodium ion is an example of a cationic species and its formula is Na +. Species with an overall negative charge will be an anionic species. Chloride is an anionic species, and its formula is Cl −. [7] Radical species: Molecules or atoms with unpaired electrons. Triarlborane anion is a radical species and its formula is Ar3B − [8] [9]
Most notably hydroxyl radicals are produced from the decomposition of hydroperoxides (ROOH) or, in atmospheric chemistry, by the reaction of excited atomic oxygen with water. It is also an important radical formed in radiation chemistry, since it leads to the formation of hydrogen peroxide and oxygen , which can enhance corrosion and stress ...
It is also an important concept in both industrial chemistry and biology. [4] Autoxidation is therefore a fairly broad term and can encompass examples of photooxygenation and catalytic oxidation . The common mechanism is a free radical chain reaction , where the addition of oxygen gives rise to hydroperoxides and their associated peroxy ...
Additionally, enzymes including superoxide dismutase, catalase, and peroxidase contribute to the oxidation response by reducing the presence of hydrogen peroxide, which is a prevalent precursor of the hydroxyl radical (OH•). As an example, vitamin E can donate a hydrogen atom to the lipid hydroperoxyl radical (LOO•) to form a vitamin E ...
In chemistry, an acyl group is a moiety derived by the removal of one or more hydroxyl groups from an oxoacid, [1] including inorganic acids. It contains a double-bonded oxygen atom and an organyl group ( R−C=O ) or hydrogen in the case of formyl group ( H−C=O ).