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Epinephrine is also used as a bronchodilator for asthma if specific β 2 agonists are unavailable or ineffective. [39] Because of the high intrinsic efficacy (receptor binding ability) of epinephrine, high drug concentrations cause adverse side effects when treating asthma. The value of using nebulized epinephrine in acute asthma is unclear. [40]
More severe effects, such as pulmonary edema, myocardial ischemia, and cardiac arrhythmia, are exceptional.) [6] [7] [1] Overuse of β 2 agonists and asthma treatment without proper inhaled corticosteroid use has been associated with an increased risk of asthma exacerbations and asthma-related hospitalizations. [ 8 ]
Nebulized epinephrine may be useful to improve the situation temporarily. [10] Corticosteroids are also typically used. [1] However, there is poor evidence for whether steroids actually improve patient outcomes. [10] Epiglottitis may require urgent tracheal intubation to protect the airway. [1]
Examples of sympathomimetic effects include increases in heart rate, force of cardiac contraction, and blood pressure. [1] The primary endogenous agonists of the sympathetic nervous system are the catecholamines (i.e., epinephrine [adrenaline], norepinephrine [noradrenaline], and dopamine ), which function as both neurotransmitters and hormones .
Inhaled adrenaline may be used to improve the symptoms of croup. [21] It may also be used for asthma when other treatments are not effective. It is given intravenously, by injection into a muscle, by inhalation, or by injection just under the skin. [8] Common side effects include shakiness, anxiety, and sweating. A fast heart rate and high ...
In medicine, a nebulizer (American English) [1] or nebuliser (British English) [2] is a drug delivery device used to administer medication in the form of a mist inhaled into the lungs. Nebulizers are commonly used for the treatment of asthma , cystic fibrosis , COPD and other respiratory diseases or disorders.
All of the early β 2 agonist catecholamines used for bronchospasm had strong side effects, with increase in heart rate as the most common and most problematic. This came because its "β 2 effect" was not quite as selective as might be hoped. β 1 receptors appeared to also be stimulated in some patients, causing cardiac and other CNS side ...
Racepinefrine (INN Tooltip International Nonproprietary Name, USAN Tooltip United States Adopted Name), or racepinephrine, sold under the brand name Vaponefrin among others, is a sympathomimetic medication described as a vasoconstrictor, bronchodilator, cardiostimulant, mydriatic, and antiglaucoma agent.
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