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The von Neumann method is based on the decomposition of the errors into Fourier series.To illustrate the procedure, consider the one-dimensional heat equation = defined on the spatial interval , with the notation = (,) where are the specific x values, and are the sequence of t values.
Von Neumann's method used a pivoting algorithm between simplices, with the pivoting decision determined by a nonnegative least squares subproblem with a convexity constraint (projecting the zero-vector onto the convex hull of the active simplex). Von Neumann's algorithm was the first interior point method of linear programming. [274]
John von Neumann (1903–1957) was a Hungarian-American mathematician, physicist, computer scientist, engineer and polymath.He had perhaps the widest coverage of any mathematician of his time, integrating pure and applied sciences and making major contributions to many fields, including mathematics, physics, economics, computing, and statistics.
Sion's minimax theorem is a generalization of von Neumann's minimax theorem due to Maurice Sion, [6] relaxing the requirement that It states: [6] [7] Let X {\displaystyle X} be a convex subset of a linear topological space and let Y {\displaystyle Y} be a compact convex subset of a linear topological space .
In quantum mechanics, each physical system is associated with a Hilbert space, each element of which represents a possible state of the physical system.The approach codified by John von Neumann represents a measurement upon a physical system by a self-adjoint operator on that Hilbert space termed an "observable".
As derived using von Neumann stability analysis, the FTCS method for the one-dimensional heat equation is numerically stable if and only if the following condition is satisfied: Δ t ≤ Δ x 2 2 α . {\displaystyle \Delta t\leq {\frac {\Delta x^{2}}{2\alpha }}.}
In decision theory, the von Neumann–Morgenstern (VNM) utility theorem demonstrates that rational choice under uncertainty involves making decisions that take the form of maximizing the expected value of some cardinal utility function. This function is known as the von Neumann–Morgenstern utility function.
In physics, the von Neumann entropy, named after John von Neumann, is a measure of the statistical uncertainty within a description of a quantum system.It extends the concept of Gibbs entropy from classical statistical mechanics to quantum statistical mechanics, and it is the quantum counterpart of the Shannon entropy from classical information theory.