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Such a quadruplex is described as tetramolecular, reflecting the requirement of four separate strands. The term G4 DNA was originally reserved for these tetramolecular structures that might play a role in meiosis. [5] However, as currently used in molecular biology, the term G4 can mean G-quadruplexes of any molecularity.
As an example, the separation step for ribonucleotide cleavage often utilizes affinity chromatography, in which a biological tag attached to each DNA strand is removed from any catalytically active strands via cleavage of a ribonucleotide base. This allows the catalytic strands to be separated by a column that specifically binds the tag, since ...
IgG4-related disease (IgG4-RD), formerly known as IgG4-related systemic disease, is a chronic inflammatory condition characterized by tissue infiltration with lymphocytes and IgG4-secreting plasma cells, various degrees of fibrosis (scarring) and a usually prompt response to oral steroids.
In biochemistry, a zymogen (/ ˈ z aɪ m ə dʒ ən,-m oʊ-/ [1] [2]), also called a proenzyme (/ ˌ p r oʊ ˈ ɛ n z aɪ m / [3] [4]), is an inactive precursor of an enzyme.A zymogen requires a biochemical change (such as a hydrolysis reaction revealing the active site, or changing the configuration to reveal the active site) for it to become an active enzyme.
Grading systems are also different for many common types of cancer, though following a similar pattern with grades being increasingly malignant over a range of 1 to 4. If no specific system is used, the following general grades are most commonly used, and recommended by the American Joint Commission on Cancer and other bodies: [2]
Escherichia virus G4 is a bacteriophage that infects E. coli. [1] First isolated in 1973, the phage was originally isolated from samples of raw sewage and has 5,577 nucleotides. Its isometric capsid contains a single-stranded circular genome of about 5.5 kbp .
Silver spoons self-sanitize due to the oligodynamic effect. The oligodynamic effect (from Greek oligos, "few", and dynamis, "force") is a biocidal effect of metals, especially heavy metals, that occurs even in low concentrations.
Lately, enhancers have been shown to be involved in certain medical conditions, for example, myelosuppression. [11] Since 2022, scientists have used artificial intelligence to design synthetic enhancers and applied them in animal systems, first in a cell line, [ 12 ] and one year later also in vivo.