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mazEF, a toxin-antitoxin locus found in E. coli and other bacteria, was proposed to induce programmed cell death in response to starvation, specifically a lack of amino acids. [19] This would release the cell's contents for absorption by neighbouring cells, potentially preventing the death of close relatives, and thereby increasing the ...
α-Hemolysin from S.aureus. Pore-forming proteins (PFTs, also known as pore-forming toxins) are usually produced by bacteria, and include a number of protein exotoxins but may also be produced by other organisms such as apple snails that produce perivitellin-2 [1] [2] or earthworms, who produce lysenin.
Exotoxins are typically proteins with enzymatic activity that interfere with host cells triggering the symptoms associated with the disease. Exotoxins are also relatively specific to the bacteria that produce it; for example, diphtheria toxin is only produced by Corynebacterium diphtheriae bacteria and is required for the diphtheria disease. [3]
Xochitecatl [ʃot͡ʃiˈtekat͡ɬ] is a pre-Columbian archaeological site located in the Mexican State of Tlaxcala, 18 km southwest of Tlaxcala city. [1] The major architecture dates to the Middle Preclassic Period (1000–400 BC) but occupation continued, with one major interruption, until the Late Classic , when the site was abandoned.
Microbial cell factory is an approach to bioengineering which considers microbial cells as a production facility in which the optimization process largely depends on metabolic engineering. [1] MCFs is a derivation of cell factories, which are engineered microbes and plant cells. [ 2 ]
In addition to helping with essential functions including food exchange and cell-to-cell communication, this matrix can give the bacteria protection and structural support. [34] During the process of binary fission , a single bacterial cell divides into two identical daughter cells, representing a comparatively basic form of asexual ...
Little is known about microbes that use hydrogen as a source of energy, however, studies have shown that they are aerobic, and also symbiotic with Riftia (see below). [11] [27] These bacteria are important in the primary production of organic carbon because the geothermally-produced H 2 is taken up for this process. [11]
However, it is known that bacterioplankton (i.e. members of Cytophaga-Flavobacterium-Bacteroides, Alphaproteobacteria, and Gammaproteobacteria) significantly promote the dissolution of particulate silica, thus maintaining the significant biogenic silica production in the ocean photic zone. It is also suggested that this process helps regulate ...