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Immersion cooling technology encompasses systems in which electronic components are directly exposed to and interact with dielectric fluids for cooling purposes. This includes systems using single-phase or two-phase dielectric fluids, leveraging their thermal capabilities to manage and dissipate heat generated by electronic components.
Immersion cooling can allow for extremely low PUE values of 1.05, vs air cooling's 1.35, and allow for up to 100 KW of computing power (heat dissipation, TDP) per 19-inch rack, as opposed to air cooling, which usually handles up to 23 KW. [19]
Structurally, capacitors consist of electrodes separated by a dielectric, connecting leads, and housing; deterioration of any of these may cause parameter shifts or failure. Shorted failures and leakage due to increase of parallel parasitic resistance are the most common failure modes of capacitors, followed by open failures.
The former pertains to the category that utilizes cold plate cooling, which uses water as coolant while, in the latter (also referred to as liquid immersion cooling), the surface of the chips comes in contact with the liquid since there is no wall separating the heat source from the coolant. [2]
A liquid dielectric is a dielectric material in liquid state. Its main purpose is to prevent or rapidly quench electric discharges . Dielectric liquids are used as electrical insulators in high voltage applications, e.g. transformers , capacitors , high voltage cables , and switchgear (namely high voltage switchgear ).
In 2006, researchers discovered a giant electrocaloric effect in 350 nm thin-film PbZr₀.₉₅Ti₀.₀₅O₃ (PZT), generating a notable 12 K temperature change near 220 o C. [4] The device structure consisted of a thin film (PZT) on top of a much thicker substrate, but the figure of 12 K represents the cooling of the thin film only.
Electrical breakdown in an electric discharge showing the ribbon-like plasma filaments from a Tesla coil.. In electronics, electrical breakdown or dielectric breakdown is a process that occurs when an electrically insulating material (a dielectric), subjected to a high enough voltage, suddenly becomes a conductor and current flows through it.
If the dielectric is a vacuum or a solid, no flow is produced. Such flow can be directed against the electrodes, generally to move the electrodes. In such case, the moving structure acts as an electric motor. Practical fields of interest of EHD are the common air ioniser, electrohydrodynamic thrusters and EHD cooling systems.