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Because the test pad reaction is dependent on pH, false positive results can occur if the urine is highly alkaline. [60] [62] Conventional test strips are not sensitive enough to reliably detect microalbuminuria, a condition in which urine albumin levels are slightly elevated, [64] although dipsticks specialized for this measurement exist. [62]
Reference ranges for urine tests are described below: Measurement Lower limit Upper limit ... 0 / negative [2] White blood cells (WBCs) 0 [2] 2 [2] pH: 5 [2] 7 [2 ...
Usually the most important unmeasured ion in urine is NH 4 + since it is the most important form of acid excretion by the kidney. [5] Urine NH 4 + is difficult to measure directly, but its excretion is usually accompanied by the anion chloride. A negative urine anion gap can be used as evidence of increased NH 4 + excretion. In a metabolic ...
This enables normal peristalsis instead of abnormal contraction and retrograde movement of bowel contents. [16] Researchers demonstrated that patients who had positive results with biofeedback had evidence of improved autonomic innervation of the colon, increased colonic transit time, and had increased quality of life scores. [16]
Urine culture is quantitative and very reliable, but can take at least one day to obtain a result and it is expensive. [ 8 ] [ 14 ] Miniaturization of bacterial culture within dipstick format, Digital Dipstick, [ 15 ] allows bacterial detection, identification and quantification for bacteriuria within 10–12 hours at the point-of-care .
Lactulose is a carbohydrate that is not absorbed by humans. Lactulose is well known to measure oro-cecal transit time. [11] [1] [4] The mean oro-cecal transit time in normal healthy individuals is 70 to 90 minutes. [12] [13] [8] By 90 minutes, at least 50% of individuals would have delivered the lactulose dose to the colon. Approximately 90 to ...
Gastric emptying time is regarded as delayed if it is 5 hours or longer and is defined as the time required for the capsule to reach the duodenum, as determined by a pH increase of more than 3 units. Small bowel transit time is normally 2.5–6 hours and is calculated from the time the pH increases by more than three units to the time it drops ...
Urodynamic testing or urodynamics is a study that assesses how the bladder and urethra are performing their job of storing and releasing urine. Urodynamic tests can help explain symptoms such as: incontinence [1] frequent urination; sudden, strong urges to urinate but nothing comes out; problems starting a urine stream; painful urination