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Alternatively, the bee may come into contact with an insecticide and transport it back to the colony in contaminated pollen or nectar or on its body, potentially causing widespread colony death. [3] Actual damage to bee populations is a function of toxicity and exposure of the compound, in combination with the mode of application.
The metabolism of bees and humans is sufficiently different that bees can safely collect nectars from plants that contain compounds toxic to humans. The honey produced by bees from these toxic nectars can be poisonous if consumed by humans. In addition, natural processes can introduce toxic substances into honey produced from nontoxic nectar.
Cyhalothrin (ISO common name [3]) is an organic compound that, in specific isomeric forms, is used as a pesticide. [4] It is a pyrethroid, a class of synthetic insecticides that mimic the structure and properties of the naturally occurring insecticide pyrethrin which is present in the flowers of Chrysanthemum cinerariifolium.
According to the German Patent bureau, the industrial synthesis of diazinon is as follows: β-isobutyrylaminocrotonic acid amine was cyclized with NaOR (R is either a hydrogen or aliphatic chain of 1 to 8 carbons) in a mixture of 0 to 100% by weight of water and an alcohol having 1 to 8 carbon atoms, above 90°C (but below the boiling point of the mixture used).
Chlorothalonil (2,4,5,6-tetrachloroisophthalonitrile) is an organic compound mainly used as a broad spectrum, nonsystemic fungicide, with other uses as a wood protectant, pesticide, acaricide, and to control mold, mildew, bacteria, algae. [2]
This page was last edited on 5 March 2015, at 04:08 (UTC).; Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License; additional terms may ...
Bees have been shown to be particularly sensitive to pyrethrin, with fatal doses as small as 0.02 micrograms. [1] Due to this sensitivity and pollinator decline , pyrethrins are recommended to be applied at night to avoid typical pollinating hours, and in liquid rather than dust form.
At normal application rates, allethrin is slightly toxic to bees. [4] Insects subject to exposure become paralyzed (nervous system effect) before dying. Allethrins are toxic to cats [ 5 ] because they either do not produce, or produce less of certain isoforms of glucuronosyltransferase , which serve in hepatic detoxifying metabolism pathways.
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