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In agricultural areas, a significant number of human adults may harbor the organism. [27] The spores can also be found on skin surfaces and in contaminated heroin. [1] Rarely, tetanus can be contracted through surgical procedures, intramuscular injections, compound fractures, and dental infections. [1] Animal bites can transmit tetanus. [1]
Tetanus vaccine, also known as tetanus toxoid (TT), is a toxoid vaccine used to prevent tetanus. [2] During childhood, five doses are recommended, with a sixth given during adolescence. [2] After three doses, almost everyone is initially immune, [2] but additional doses every ten years are recommended to maintain immunity. [3]
The DPT vaccine or DTP vaccine is a class of combination vaccines to protect against three infectious diseases in humans: diphtheria, pertussis (whooping cough), and tetanus (lockjaw). [7] The vaccine components include diphtheria and tetanus toxoids, and either killed whole cells of the bacterium that causes pertussis or pertussis antigens ...
In 1897, Edmond Nocard showed that tetanus antitoxin induced passive immunity in humans, and could be used for prophylaxis and treatment. [6] In World War I, injection of tetanus antiserum from horses was widely used as a prophylaxis against tetanus in wounded soldiers, leading to a dramatic decrease in tetanus cases over the course of the war. [9]
Tetanus toxoid can be given in case of a suspected exposure to tetanus. In such cases, it can be given with or without tetanus immunoglobulin (also called tetanus antibodies or tetanus antitoxin [13]). It can be given as intravenous therapy or by intramuscular injection. [citation needed]
The immune system can be compromised by congenital medical conditions, infectious diseases, non-infectious conditions such as cancer, and immunosuppressive medications or treatments (for instance, people with organ transplants take drugs to prevent their immune system from killing the transplant). People who are severely immuno-compromised may ...
Humans can catch bird flu, but not easily. Avian flu has been around and infecting wild birds and poultry since 1996. There have been nearly 1,000 known cases of bird flu in humans ...
Since the tetanus toxin permanently binds to human tissues, only unbounded molecules can be neutralized by the immunoglobulin. [2] Use of the horse version became common in the 1910s, while the human version came into frequent use in the 1960s. [6] It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines.