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The scenarios for climate action required to meet 1.5 °C (2.7 °F) and 2 °C (3.6 °F) targets incorporate the predicted decrease in aerosol levels. [14] However, model simulations of the effects of aerosols on weather systems remain uncertain. [16] [17] The processes behind global dimming are similar to stratospheric aerosol injection.
A definition of urban heat island is: "The relative warmth of a city compared with surrounding rural areas." [14]: 2926 This relative warmth is caused by "heat trapping due to land use, the configuration and design of the built environment, including street layout and building size, the heat-absorbing properties of urban building materials, reduced ventilation, reduced greenery and water ...
The work was interrupted by World War II and then revived in 1945 when engineers predicted an output of 2.2 terawatt hours per year. [13] A further government study looked at barrage options in 1948 and estimated the construction costs at £60 million. [10] By the time of the next study in 1953 the estimated cost had risen to £200 million.
Human impact on the environment. From top left, clockwise: satellite image of Southeast Asian haze; IAEA experts investigate the Fukushima disaster; a seabird during an oil spill; depiction of deforestation of Brazil's Atlantic forest by Portuguese settlers, c. 1820 –25; acid mine drainage in the Rio Tinto; industrial fishing in 1997, a practice that has led to overfishing.
An early detailed examination of global limits was published in the 1972 book Limits to Growth, which has prompted follow-up commentary and analysis, including much criticism. [2] A 2012 review in Nature by 22 international researchers expressed concerns that the Earth may be "approaching a state shift" in which the biosphere may become less ...
One continent, for example, Africa, has been predicted to have 75 to 250 million inhabitants lacking access to fresh water. [41] By 2025, 1.8 billion people will be living in countries or regions with absolute water scarcity, and two-thirds of the world population could be under stress conditions. [ 42 ]
A major earthquake occurred in Christchurch on Tuesday 22 February 2011 at 12:51 p.m. local time (23:51 UTC, 21 February). [2] [10] The M w 6.2 (M L 6.3) earthquake struck the Canterbury region in the South Island, centred 6.7 kilometres (4.2 mi) south-east of the central business district. [11]
Child mortality is the death of children under the age of five. [2] The child mortality rate (also under-five mortality rate) refers to the probability of dying between birth and exactly five years of age expressed per 1,000 live births. [3] It encompasses neonatal mortality and infant mortality (the probability of death in the first year of ...