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Irving Lester Janis (May 26, 1918 – November 15, 1990) was an American research psychologist at Yale University and a professor emeritus at the University of California, Berkeley most famous for his theory of "groupthink", which described the systematic errors made by groups when making collective decisions.
Groupthink is sometimes stated to occur (more broadly) within natural groups within the community, for example to explain the lifelong different mindsets of those with differing political views (such as "conservatism" and "liberalism" in the U.S. political context [7] or the purported benefits of team work vs. work conducted in solitude). [8]
In groupthink theory, a mindguard is a member of a group who serves as an informational filter, providing limited information to the group and, consciously or subconsciously, utilizing a variety of strategies to control dissent and to direct the decision-making process toward a specific, limited range of possibilities. [1]
Herd behavior in human societies has also been studied by Sigmund Freud and Wilfred Trotter, whose book Instincts of the Herd in Peace and War is a classic in the field of social psychology. Sociologist and economist Thorstein Veblen 's The Theory of the Leisure Class illustrates how individuals imitate other group members of higher social ...
That there was pluralistic ignorance has also been seen as a reason why far-right parties have been growing so fast in recent years. [28] Another consequence of pluralistic ignorance is groupthink. [10] [8] This refers to a situation where small, cohesive groups of intelligent individuals are led to make unintelligent decisions. [10]
Conflict is an inevitable part of this process. The group's task at Stage 2 is to develop a unified set of goals, values, and operational procedures, and this task inevitably generates some conflict. Conflict also is necessary for the establishment of trust and a climate in which members feel free to disagree with each other.
Conformity or conformism is the act of matching attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors to group norms, politics or being like-minded. [1] Norms are implicit, specific rules, guidance shared by a group of individuals, that guide their interactions with others.
The protagonist of the book is Steven Alper, a 13-year-old boy living in New Jersey.The Alper family consists of Dad, an accountant; Mom, an English teacher; Steven, an enthusiastic and talented drummer who is also a self-described "skinny geek;" and Jeffrey, eight years younger, whom Steven describes as cute, adoring of his big brother, and apt to blurt out really embarrassing remarks about ...