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Influenza A virus subtype H1N1 (A/H1N1) is a subtype of influenza A virus (IAV). Some human-adapted strains of H1N1 are endemic in humans and are one cause of seasonal influenza (flu). [1] Other strains of H1N1 are endemic in pigs (swine influenza) and in birds (avian influenza). [2]
Hemagglutinin (HA) in influenza A virus (IAV) has at least 18 different subtypes. [7] These subtypes are named H1 through H18. H16 was discovered in 2004 on IAVs isolated from black-headed gulls from Sweden and Norway. H17 was discovered in 2012 in fruit bats. [8] [9] Most recently, H18 was discovered in a Peruvian bat in 2013. [10]
There are various subtypes of hemagglutinins, in which H1, H2, and H3 are known to have human susceptibility. [8] It is the variation in hemagglutinin (and neuraminidase) subtypes that require health organizations (ex. WHO) to constantly update and surveil the known circulating flu viruses in human and animal populations (ex. H5N1).
By definition, the subtyping scheme only takes into account the two outer proteins, not the at least eight proteins internal to the virus. [25] Almost all possible combinations of H (1 through 16) and N (1 through 11) have been isolated from wild birds. [8] H17 and H18 have only been discovered in bats. [26]
The virus is a novel strain of the influenza virus, [2] for which existing vaccines against seasonal flu provided no protection. A study at the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) published in May 2009 found that children had no preexisting immunity to the new strain but that adults, particularly those over 60, had some degree of immunity.
The U.S. Department of Agriculture said this week that cow-to-cow transmission is a factor in the spread of bird flu in dairy herds, but it still does not know exactly how the virus is being moved ...
The 1918–1920 flu pandemic, also known as the Great Influenza epidemic or by the common misnomer Spanish flu, was an exceptionally deadly global influenza pandemic caused by the H1N1 subtype of the influenza A virus.
Often simply called an antiviral. A class of antimicrobial medication used specifically for treating diseases caused by viral infections rather than ones caused by bacteria or other infectious agents. Unlike most antibiotics, antivirals typically do not destroy their target viruses but instead inhibit their development. They are distinct from virucides. assembly The construction of the virus ...