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The tuning application, for instance, is an example of band-pass filtering. The RLC filter is described as a second-order circuit, meaning that any voltage or current in the circuit can be described by a second-order differential equation in circuit analysis. The three circuit elements, R, L and C, can be combined in a number of different ...
ROYGBIV (in reverse VIBGYOR) is commonly used to remember the order of colors in the visible light spectrum, as seen in a rainbow. Richard of York gave battle in vain" (red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo, violet). Additionally, the fictitious name Roy G. Biv can be used as well. (red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo, violet).
In systems and control theory, the double integrator is a canonical example of a second-order control system. [1] It models the dynamics of a simple mass in one-dimensional space under the effect of a time-varying force input u {\displaystyle {\textbf {u}}} .
High-order infinite impulse response filters can be highly sensitive to quantization of their coefficients, and can easily become unstable. This is much less of a problem with first and second-order filters; therefore, higher-order filters are typically implemented as serially-cascaded biquad sections (and a first-order filter if necessary).
First-order means that only the first derivative of y appears in the equation, and higher derivatives are absent. Without loss of generality to higher-order systems, we restrict ourselves to first-order differential equations, because a higher-order ODE can be converted into a larger system of first-order equations by introducing extra variables.
A simple example of a Butterworth filter is the third-order low-pass design shown in the figure on the right, with = 4/3 F, = 1 Ω, = 3/2 H, and = 1/2 H. [3] Taking the impedance of the capacitors to be / and the impedance of the inductors to be , where = + is the complex frequency, the circuit equations yield the transfer function for this device:
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The transfer function of a two-port electronic circuit, such as an amplifier, might be a two-dimensional graph of the scalar voltage at the output as a function of the scalar voltage applied to the input; the transfer function of an electromechanical actuator might be the mechanical displacement of the movable arm as a function of electric ...