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Planovalgus deformity is a postural deformity, flat foot typology, very frequent in people with cerebral palsy and often due to muscle imbalance resulting in a predominance of the pronotory versus the supinatory forces.
Flat feet, also called pes planus or fallen arches, is a postural deformity in which the arches of the foot collapse, with the entire sole of the foot coming into complete or near-complete contact with the ground. Sometimes children are born with flat feet (congenital).
Coxa vara is a deformity of the hip, whereby the angle between the head and the shaft of the femur is reduced to less than 120 degrees. This results in the leg being shortened and the development of a limp. It may be congenital and is commonly caused by injury, such as a fracture.
Fixed flexion deformity of hip: Supine patient flexes one hip whilst keeping other leg flat; back arches if flexion deformity is present Throckmorton's reflex: Tom Bentley Throckmorton: neurology: pyramidal tract lesions: The Babinski sign – a reappraisal Neurol India 48 (4): 314–8. pressure over dorsal big toe MTP joint elicits an extensor ...
The hip joint is classified as a ball and socket joint. This type of synovial joint allows for multidirectional movement and rotation. There are two bones that make up the hip joint and create an articulation between the femur and pelvis. This articulation connects the axial skeleton with the lower extremity.
Coxa valga is a deformity of the hip where the angle formed between the head and neck of the femur and its shaft is increased, usually above 135 degrees.. The deformity may develop in children with neuromuscular disorders (i.e. cerebral palsy, spinal dysraphism, poliomyelitis), skeletal dysplasias, and juvenile idiopathic arthritis.
The second deformity is referred to as a pincer deformity and it is due to an excess growth of the acetabular socket. [4] The third type of FAI is a combination of the first two deformities. When either abnormality is present, it changes the position of the femoral head in the hip socket.
On projectional radiography, the degree of varus or valgus deformity can be quantified by the hip-knee-ankle angle, [7] which is an angle between the femoral mechanical axis and the center of the ankle joint. [8] It is normally between 1.0° and 1.5° of varus in adults. [9] Normal ranges are different in children. [10]