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A lateral release is a surgical procedure to release tight capsular structures (lateral retinaculum) on the outer aspect (lateral aspect) of the kneecap ().This is usually performed because of knee pain related to the kneecap being pulled over to the outer (lateral) side and not being able to run properly in the centre of the groove of the femur bone as the knee bends and straightens.
The quality of the repair tissue after these "bone marrow stimulating techniques" depends on various factors including the species and age of the individual, the size and localization of the articular cartilage defect, the surgical technique, e.g., how the subchondral bone plate is treated, and the postoperative rehabilitation protocol. [6]
A lateral dislocation of the knee. They may be divided into five types: anterior, posterior, lateral, medial, and rotatory. [4] This classification is based on the movement of the tibia with respect to the femur. [11] Anterior dislocations, followed by posterior, are the most common. [2]
A patella that slips laterally on early flexion is called the J sign, and indicates imbalance between the VMO and lateral structures. [15] On X-ray, with skyline projections, dislocations are readily diagnosed. In borderline cases of subluxation, the following measurements can be helpful: The lateral patellofemoral angle, formed by: [16]
Conservative treatment in primary acute LPD (lateral patellar dislocation) is the therapy of choice. It includes a multimodal approach with behavioural education of the patient, physical therapy, braces, weight reduction and pain medication. [4] Physical therapy especially focuses on muscle strengthening and proprioceptive exercises.
The patellofemoral glide, tilt, and grind tests (Clarke's sign), when performed, can provide strong evidence for PFPS. [3] [19] Lastly, lateral instability can be assessed via the patellar apprehension test, which is deemed positive when there is pain or discomfort associated with lateral translation of the patella.
If the patella is ballotable, then patellar intra-articular effusion is present. Another way is the milking of the patella. First, the effusion is milked at the medial border of the patella from inferior to superior aspect. Then, using another hand, the effusion is milked at the lateral border of the patella from superior to inferior aspect.
The lateral retinaculum is the fibrous tissue on the lateral (outer) side of the kneecap ().The kneecap has both a medial (on the inner aspect) and a lateral (on the outer side) retinaculum, and these help to support the kneecap in its position in relation to the femur bone underneath it.