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In the preschool years, a family history of dyslexia, particularly in biological parents and siblings, predicts an eventual dyslexia diagnosis better than any test. [95] In primary school (ages 5–7), the ideal screening procedure consists of training primary school teachers to carefully observe and record their pupils' progress through the ...
Some cases run in families. Dyslexia that develops due to a traumatic brain injury, stroke, or dementia is sometimes called "acquired dyslexia" or alexia. The underlying mechanisms of dyslexia result from differences within the brain's language processing. Dyslexia is diagnosed through a series of tests of memory, vision, spelling, and reading ...
It is also used in place of standard diagnostic test of phonetic non-word reading ability, which is mostly used to diagnose learning disabilities like dyslexia. [1] When older children and accomplished young children are slow in orally reciting texts, the individual is considered to have learning disability and is referred to correct specialists.
The cerebellar theory of dyslexia asserts that the cause of dyslexia is an abnormality in the cerebellum (a region in the back of the brain), which in turn cause disruption in normal development, which causes issues with motor control, balance, working memory, attention, automatization, and ultimately, reading.
Definition is more in keeping with modern research and debunked discrepancy model of dyslexia diagnosis: [3] Dyslexia is a learning difficulty that primarily affects the skills involved in accurate and fluent word reading and spelling. Characteristic features of dyslexia are difficulties in phonological awareness, verbal memory and verbal ...
Rapid automatized naming (RAN) is a task that measures how quickly individuals can name aloud objects, pictures, colors, or symbols (letters or digits). Variations in rapid automatized naming time in children provide a strong predictor of their later ability to read, and is independent from other predictors such as phonological awareness, verbal IQ, and existing reading skills. [1]
Intelligence quotient (IQ) tests include the Stanford–Binet, Raven's Progressive Matrices, the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale and the Kaufman Assessment Battery for Children. There are also psychometric tests that are not intended to measure intelligence itself but some closely related construct such as scholastic aptitude.
In 1964, the Associated for Children with Learning Disabilities (now known as Learning Disability Association of America) was formed. [2] In 1968, Makita suggested that dyslexia was mostly absent among Japanese children. [15] A 2005 study shows that Makita's claim of rarity of incidence of reading disabilities in Japan to be incorrect. [16]