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Alexandra Feodorovna (Russian: Александра Фёдоровна; 6 June [O.S. 25 May] 1872 – 17 July 1918), born Princess Alix of Hesse and by Rhine, was the last Empress of Russia as the consort of Tsar Nicholas II from their marriage on 26 November [O.S. 14 November] 1894 until his forced abdication on 15 March [O.S. 2 March] 1917.
On 19 April 1894, Tsarevich Nicholas was at the wedding of Ernest Louis, Grand Duke of Hesse, to their mutual cousin, Victoria Melita of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha.Nicholas had also obtained permission from his parents, Tsar Alexander III and Empress Maria Feodorovna, to propose to Ernst's younger sister, Princess Alix of Hesse and by Rhine, one of the favorite granddaughters of Queen Victoria.
Princess Dagmar of Denmark [84] 11. Princess Louise of Hesse-Kassel [87] 1. Grand Duchess Maria Nikolaevna of Russia: 12. Prince Charles of Hesse and by Rhine [88] 6. Louis IV, Grand Duke of Hesse and by Rhine [85] 13. Princess Elisabeth of Prussia [88] 3. Princess Alix of Hesse and by Rhine: 14. Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha [89] 7.
Princess Dagmar of Denmark [80] 11. Princess Louise of Hesse-Kassel [83] 1. Grand Duchess Anastasia Nikolaevna of Russia: 12. Prince Charles of Hesse and by Rhine [84] 6. Louis IV, Grand Duke of Hesse and by Rhine [81] 13. Princess Elisabeth of Prussia [84] 3. Princess Alix of Hesse and by Rhine: 14. Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha [85] 7.
Growing up, she was known by the name Dagmar. Most of her adult life, however, she was known as Maria Feodorovna, the name which she took when she converted to Orthodoxy immediately before her 1866 marriage to the future Emperor Alexander III. [11] Within her family, she was known as "Minnie" throughout her life. [12]
Princess Alice of the United Kingdom: 11. Victoria of the United Kingdom: 1. Princess Elisabeth of Hesse and by Rhine: 12. Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha (= 10) 6. Alfred, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha: 13. Victoria of the United Kingdom (= 11) 3. Princess Victoria Melita of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha: 14. Alexander II of Russia: 7.
The Last Empress: The Life and Times of Alexandra Feodorovna, Tsarina of Russia. ISBN 0806517611. Maylunas, Andrei; Mironenko, Sergei (1997). A Lifelong Passion: Nicholas and Alexandra Their Own Story Dukes. ISBN 0-385-48673-1. Lincoln, Bruce (1981). The Romanovs: Autocrats of All the Russias. ISBN 0-385-27908-6. Van der Kiste, John (1999).
Princess Irene of Hesse and by Rhine (Irène Luise Marie Anne; 11 July 1866 – 11 November 1953), later Princess Henry of Prussia, was the third child and third daughter of Princess Alice of the United Kingdom and Louis IV, Grand Duke of Hesse and by Rhine. Her maternal grandparents were Queen Victoria and Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha.