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The endodermis is the innermost layer of cortex in land plants. It is a cylinder of compact living cells, the radial walls of which are impregnated with hydrophobic substances (Casparian strip) to restrict apoplastic flow of water to the inside. [1] The endodermis is the boundary between the cortex and the stele.
Allen's rule - Hare and its ears on the Earth [1]. Allen's rule is an ecogeographical rule formulated by Joel Asaph Allen in 1877, [2] [3] broadly stating that animals adapted to cold climates have shorter and thicker limbs and bodily appendages than animals adapted to warm climates.
The discovery of the Casparian strip dates back to the mid-19th century, and advances in the understanding of the endodermis of plant roots. [15] In 1865, the German botanist Robert Caspary first described the endodermis of the root of plants, found that its cell wall was thickened, and named it Schuchtzscheide.
A germ layer is a primary layer of cells that forms during embryonic development. [1] The three germ layers in vertebrates are particularly pronounced; however, all eumetazoans (animals that are sister taxa to the sponges) produce two or three primary germ layers.
An endodermis generally surrounds the stele. A centrarch (protoxylem in the center of a metaxylem cylinder) haplostele is prevalent in members of the rhyniophyte grade, such as Rhynia. [6] actinostele – a variation of the protostele in which the core is lobed or fluted. [7] This stele is found in many species of club moss (Lycopodium and ...
The mesoderm is the middle layer of the three germ layers that develops during gastrulation in the very early development of the embryo of most animals. The outer layer is the ectoderm, and the inner layer is the endoderm.
If the pelvic bone is absent from the skeletal specimen, the size and resiliency of the bones will be examined to infer sex. [13] The quality of nutrition that the deceased specimen had in its lifetime will affect the size and resiliency of its bones, so this analysis cannot be considered entirely definitive in assigning sex to a skeleton. [13]
The mycorrhizae of the fungus then uses its extended system to help the plant find the correct area of nutrition, signaling the direction in which the roots should grow. [13] This makes root growth more efficient, preserving energy for other metabolic processes, which in turn benefits the fungus that feeds off those metabolic products.