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In aphasia (sometimes called dysphasia), [a] a person may be unable to comprehend or unable to formulate language because of damage to specific brain regions. [2] The major causes are stroke and head trauma; prevalence is hard to determine, but aphasia due to stroke is estimated to be 0.1–0.4% in the Global North. [3]
In neurology, conduction aphasia, also called associative aphasia, is an uncommon form of difficulty in speaking . It is caused by damage to the parietal lobe of the brain . An acquired language disorder , it is characterised by intact auditory comprehension , coherent (yet paraphasic ) speech production , but poor speech repetition .
Expressive aphasia (also known as Broca's aphasia) is a type of aphasia characterized by partial loss of the ability to produce language (spoken, manual, [1] or written), although comprehension generally remains intact. [2] A person with expressive aphasia will exhibit effortful speech.
Patients diagnosed with Wernicke's aphasia can show severe language comprehension deficits; however, this is dependent on the severity and extent of the lesion. [2] Severity levels may range from being unable to understand even the simplest spoken and/or written information to missing minor details of a conversation. [2]
People also with anomic aphasia tend to know how to use an object, but rather can not name the aforementioned object. Any damage in or near the zone of language can result in anomic aphasia. Other forms of aphasia often transition into a syndrome of primarily anomic aphasia in the process of recovery. [3]
However, it is rare for patients to have just one of these problems and most people will present with more than one problem. Features include: [2] Hesitant, effortful speech; Apraxia of speech; Stutter (including return of a childhood stutter) Anomic aphasia (word retrieval failures) Phonemic paraphasia (sound errors in speech e.g. 'gat' for 'cat')
Patients with expressive aphasia, also known as Broca's aphasia, are individuals who know "what they want to say, they just cannot get it out". [27] They are typically able to comprehend words, and sentences with a simple syntactic structure (see above), but are more or less unable to generate fluent speech.
This type of paraphasia also occurs in other languages as well. For example, case studies have been performed with German speakers, which demonstrated that 30.8% of paraphasias occurred at the beginning of the word in patients with Wernicke's aphasia and 22.6% for patients with Broca's aphasia.