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Aphasia, also known as dysphasia, [a] is an impairment in a person’s ability to comprehend or formulate language because of damage to specific brain regions. [2] The major causes are stroke and head trauma; prevalence is hard to determine, but aphasia due to stroke is estimated to be 0.1–0.4% in developed countries. [3]
Conduction aphasia, also called associative aphasia, is an uncommon form of aphasia caused by damage to the parietal lobe of the brain. An acquired language disorder , it is characterized by intact auditory comprehension , coherent (yet paraphasic ) speech production , but poor speech repetition .
Patients diagnosed with Wernicke's aphasia can show severe language comprehension deficits; however, this is dependent on the severity and extent of the lesion. [2] Severity levels may range from being unable to understand even the simplest spoken and/or written information to missing minor details of a conversation. [2]
By contrast, anomia is a deficit of expressive language, and a symptom of all forms of aphasia, but patients whose primary deficit is word retrieval are diagnosed with anomic aphasia. [2] Individuals with aphasia who display anomia can often describe an object in detail and maybe even use hand gestures to demonstrate how the object is used, but ...
Expressive aphasia contrasts with receptive aphasia, in which patients are able to speak in grammatical sentences that lack semantic significance and generally also have trouble with comprehension. [ 3 ] [ 7 ] Expressive aphasia differs from dysarthria , which is typified by a patient's inability to properly move the muscles of the tongue and ...
Patients with this form of aphasia may present with a contiguity disorder in which they have difficulty combining linguistic elements. For dynamic aphasia, this is most apparent when the patient is asked to sequence at the sentence level whereas for other aphasias contiguity disorder can be seen at the phoneme or word level. [4]
Patients with expressive aphasia, also known as Broca's aphasia, are individuals who know "what they want to say, they just cannot get it out". [27] They are typically able to comprehend words, and sentences with a simple syntactic structure (see above), but are more or less unable to generate fluent speech.
The only conclusion the doctors could make was that the surgery somehow changed the patient's vocal identification causing the new voice pattern. It was possible that the patient had a lack of oxygen to the brain during the surgery, which would have gone undetected by the resonance imaging, causing dysprosody. [ 4 ]