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In the 19th century, approximately 70 million people left Europe, with most migrating to the United States. [10] The 19th century also saw the rapid creation, development, and codification of many sports, particularly in Britain and the United States.
Throughout most of the 19th century Britain was the most powerful country in the world. [16] The period from 1815 to 1914, known as the Pax Britannica, was a time of relatively peaceful relations between the world's great powers. This is particularly true of Britain's interactions with the others. [17]
Society and culture of the Victorian era refers to society and culture in the United Kingdom during the Victorian era--that is the 1837-1901 reign of Queen Victoria.. The idea of "reform" was a motivating force, as seen in the political activity of religious groups and the newly formed labour unions.
England remained an example of a country whose territorial administration relied solely on local government bodies until the end of the 19th century. They had broad powers and evolved towards decentralization. In the 19th century, local government reforms were carried out. [g] [14] The first stage, initiated between 1832 and 1835, concerned ...
1812–1815: War of 1812 between the United States and Britain; ends in a draw, except that Native Americans lose power. The French invasion of Russia is a turning point in the Napoleonic Wars. British Prime Minister Spencer Perceval is assassinated. Great Britain experiences widespread economic distress; worst year of Luddite rioting.
This instigated the Crimean War in 1854 and began a tenser period of minor clashes among the globe-spanning empires of Europe. In the second half of the 19th century, the Kingdom of Sardinia and the Kingdom of Prussia carried out a series of wars that resulted in the creation of Italy and Germany as nation-states, significantly changing the ...
The second half of the 19th century saw a major expansion of Britain's colonial empire in Asia and Africa as well as the Pacific. In the "Scramble for Africa", the boast was having the Union Jack flying from "Cairo to Cape Town." Britain defended its empire with the world's dominant navy, and a small professional army.
Both of these wars involved Europe's largest states and armies. The industrialisation of Germany, the Empire of Japan, and the United States contributed to the relative decline of British industrial supremacy in the late 19th century. The start of World War I in 1914 marked the end of the Pax Britannica.