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By the year 1000, Islamic rule was still prevalent in much of what is now Portugal, namely south of the Mondego river, and later, for many more decades, across the Alentejo and Algarve regions of what is modern Portugal. During the period of Muslim conquest, western Iberia was called Gharb Al-Andalus (the west of Al-Andalus). Over the course of ...
Gharb al-Andalus (Arabic: غرب الأندلس, trans. gharb al-ʼandalus; "west of al-Andalus"), or just al-Gharb (Arabic: الغرب, trans. al-gharb; "the west"), was the name given by the Muslims of Iberia to the region of southern modern-day Portugal and part of West-central modern day Spain during their rule of the territory, from 711 to 1249.
The history of Portugal can be traced from circa 400,000 years ago, when the region of present-day Portugal was inhabited by Homo heidelbergensis.. The Roman conquest of the Iberian Peninsula, which lasted almost two centuries, led to the establishment of the provinces of Lusitania in the south and Gallaecia in the north of what is now Portugal.
The gate of the ruined Castle of Gormaz, Spain (10th century). In the Umayyad period (8th–10th centuries) an extensive network of fortifications stretched in a wide line roughly from Lisbon in the west then up through the Central System of mountains in Spain, around the region of Madrid, and finally up to the areas of Navarre and Huesca, north of Zaragoza, in the east.
711, March 15 – Muslim Umayyads, [1] faithful to the Emir of Damascus and under the Berber Tariq ibn-Ziyad, invade and eventually conquer the Iberian Peninsula (Visigothic King Roderic is killed while opposing the invasion), except for the northernmost part - the Asturias. Resistance to Moorish rule (Reconquista) starts from this stronghold.
The grievances resented by the Berbers under Arab rulers (attempts to impose a tax on Muslim Berbers, etc.) sparked rebellions in north Africa that expanded into Iberia. An early uprising took place in 730 when Uthman ibn Naissa (Munuza), master of the eastern Pyrenees (Cerretanya), allied with the duke Odo of Aquitaine and detached from Cordova.
Dissatisfaction with the Islamic term "Mozarabic chant" has led to the use of several competing names for the music to which it refers. The Islamic term Mozarabic was used by the Islamic rulers of Hispania (Al Andalus) to refer to the Mozarabs, that is, the Christians of Visigothic ruled Hispania (modern Spain and Portugal) living under Muslim rule.
The History of Portugal: From the Commencement of the Monarchy to the Reign of Alfonso III, S. Low, Marston, Searle, & Rivington. Selvagem, Carlos (1931). Portugal militar: Compêndio de história militar e naval de Portugal : desde as origens do estado portucalense até o fim da Dinastia de Bragança, Imprensa Nacional de Lisboa.