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A good is considered non-rivalrous or non-rival if, for any level of production, the cost of providing it to a marginal (additional) individual is zero. [2] A good is "anti-rivalrous" and "inclusive" if each person benefits more when other people consume it. A good can be placed along a continuum from rivalrous through non-rivalrous to anti ...
The production of anti-rival goods typically benefits from network effects.Leung (2006) [2] quotes from Weber (2004), "Under conditions of anti-rivalness, as the size of the Internet-connected group increases, and there is a heterogeneous distribution of motivations with people who have a high level of interest and some resources to invest, then the large group is more likely, all things being ...
An example would be unregulated forests as there's limited resources available and therefore rivalrous, but anyone may access these resources. If non-rivalrous, it would be a public good (cannot be rivalrous, no matter how much it is used, for example, the ocean (outside of territorial borders)). [10]
Indeed, if non-payers can be excluded by some mechanism, the good may be transformed into a club good (e.g. if an overused, congested public road is converted to a toll road, or if a free public museum turns into a private, admission fee-charging museum). Free riders become a problem when non-excludable goods are also rivalrous.
However, some theorists, such as Inge Kaul, use the term "global public good" for a public good that is non-rivalrous and non-excludable throughout the whole world, as opposed to a public good that exists in just one national area. Knowledge has been argued as an example of a global public good, [4] but also as a commons, the knowledge commons ...
Club goods (also artificially scarce goods, toll goods, collective goods or quasi-public goods) are a type of good in economics, [1] sometimes classified as a subtype of public goods that are excludable but non-rivalrous, at least until reaching a point where congestion occurs. Often these goods exhibit high excludability, but at the same time ...
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Wild fish are an example of common goods. They are non-excludable, as it is impossible to prevent people from catching fish. They are, however, rivalrous, as the same fish cannot be caught more than once. Common goods (also called common-pool resources [1]) are defined in economics as goods that are rivalrous and non-excludable. Thus, they ...