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  2. Monolithic kernel - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monolithic_kernel

    A monolithic kernel is an operating system architecture with the entire operating system running in kernel space. The monolithic model differs from other architectures such as the microkernel [ 1 ] [ 2 ] in that it alone defines a high-level virtual interface over computer hardware .

  3. Microkernel - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microkernel

    On most mainstream processors, obtaining a service is inherently more expensive in a microkernel-based system than a monolithic system. [13] In the monolithic system, the service is obtained by a single system call, which requires two mode switches (changes of the processor's ring or CPU mode). In the microkernel-based system, the service is ...

  4. Kernel (operating system) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kernel_(operating_system)

    A microkernel that is designed for a specific platform or device is only ever going to have what it needs to operate. The microkernel approach consists of defining a simple abstraction over the hardware, with a set of primitives or system calls to implement minimal OS services such as memory management, multitasking, and inter-process ...

  5. Distributed operating system - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distributed_operating_system

    Structure of monolithic kernel, microkernel and hybrid kernel-based operating systems. A distributed OS provides the essential services and functionality required of an OS but adds attributes and particular configurations to allow it to support additional requirements such as increased scale and availability.

  6. XNU - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XNU

    XNU is a hybrid kernel, containing features of both monolithic kernels and microkernels, attempting to make the best use of both technologies, such as the message passing ability of microkernels enabling greater modularity and larger portions of the OS to benefit from memory protection, and retaining the speed of monolithic kernels for some critical tasks.

  7. Hybrid kernel - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hybrid_kernel

    The Windows NT operating system family's architecture consists of two layers (user mode and kernel mode), with many different modules within both of these layers.One prominent example of a hybrid kernel is the Microsoft Windows NT kernel that powers all operating systems in the Windows NT family, up to and including Windows 11 and Windows Server 2022, and powers Windows Phone 8, Windows Phone ...

  8. Jordan Chiles Makes Sexy “Sports Illustrated Swimsuit ... - AOL

    www.aol.com/lifestyle/jordan-chiles-makes-sexy...

    The 2025 Sports Illustrated Swimsuit roster is growing.. On Monday, Nov. 11, the magazine announced that Olympic gymnast Jordan Chiles and pro surfer Caroline Marks would be featured in this year ...

  9. Tanenbaum–Torvalds debate - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanenbaum–Torvalds_debate

    Graphic of a monolithic kernel running kernel space entirely in supervisor mode Microkernel architecture relies on user-space server programs. While the debate initially started out as relatively moderate, with both parties involved making only banal statements about kernel design, it grew progressively more detailed and sophisticated with every round of posts.