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Propane may be the most suitable for high temperature heat pumps. [74] Ammonia (R717) and carbon dioxide also have a low GWP. As of 2023 smaller CO 2 heat pumps are not widely available and research and development of them continues. [75] A 2024 report said that refrigerants with GWP are vulnerable to further international restrictions. [76]
For a heat pump with the minimum 13 SEER cooling efficiency, this is typically below −10 °F (−23 °C). [ 17 ] Lower temperatures may cause a heat pump to operate below the efficiency of a resistance heater, so conventional heat pumps often include heater coils or auxiliary heating from LP or natural gas to prevent low efficiency operation ...
The heat pump's performance is limited by the Carnot cycle and will approach 1.0 as the outdoor-to-indoor temperature difference increases, which for most air source heat pumps happens as outdoor temperatures approach −18 °C (0 °F).
A well designed ground source heat pump installation should achieve an SPF of 3.5, or over 5 if linked to a solar-assisted thermal bank. [6] Example: For a heat pump delivering 120,000,000 BTU during the season, when consuming 15,000 kWh, the HSPF can be calculated as : HSPF = 120000000 (BTU) / (1000) / 15000 (kWh) HSPF = 8
Residential ground source heat pumps on the market today have standard COPs ranging from 2.4 to 5.0 and EERs ranging from 10.6 to 30. [26] [27] To qualify for an Energy Star label, heat pumps must meet certain minimum COP and EER ratings which depend on the ground heat exchanger type. For closed-loop systems, the ISO 13256-1 heating COP must be ...
A ground source heat pump is used in winter to extract the warmth from the Thermal Bank to provide space heating via underfloor heating. A high Coefficient of performance is obtained because the heat pump starts with a warm temperature of 25 °C (77 °F) from the thermal store, instead of a cold temperature of 10 °C (50 °F) from the ground. [17]
The EU standard test conditions for an air source heat pump is at dry-bulb temperature of 20 °C (68 °F) for and 7 °C (44.6 °F) for . [9] Given sub-zero European winter temperatures, real world heating performance is significantly poorer than such standard COP figures imply.
P-T Diagram showing the temperature gliding in binary heat pump. This behaviour increase the efficiency of ACHP Ammonia toxicity is the main drawback of ACHP. The main advantage with respect to compression heat pump is that the compression-absorption heat pumps allow the heat to be transfer with a temperature glide.
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