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The first wave began in the 1950s and targeted people with mental illness. [1] The second wave began roughly 15 years later and focused on individuals who had been diagnosed with a developmental disability. [1] Deinstitutionalization continues today, though the movements are growing smaller as fewer people are sent to institutions.
Some, like E. Fuller Torrey, defend the use of psychiatric institutions and conclude that deinstitutionalisation was a move in the wrong direction entirely. [54] Torrey has opposed deinstitutionalisation in principle, arguing that people with mental illness will be resistant to medical help due to the nature of their conditions.
The term institutionalization can also be used to describe the process of committing an individual to a mental hospital or prison, or to describe institutional syndrome; thus the phrase "X is institutionalized" may mean either that X has been placed in an institution or that X is suffering the psychological effects of having been in an ...
Deinstitutionalisation, the contraction of traditional institutional settings and especially a decline in the number of beds, is a process that takes several decades.. Deinstitutionalisation comprises three processes: firstly a shift away from dependence on psychiatric hospitals; then 'transinstitutionalisation' or an increase in the number of mental health beds in general hospitals and ...
Decisional balance measures, the pros and the cons, have become critical constructs in the transtheoretical model. The pros and cons combine to form a decisional "balance sheet" of comparative potential gains and losses. The balance between the pros and cons varies depending on which stage of change the individual is in. [26]
Bureaucratic and legal impediments to initiating mental health referrals mean arrest can be easier, and in Taplin's words, "Due to the lack of exclusionary criteria, the criminal justice system may have become the institution that cannot say no." [23] Mentally ill people do indeed experience higher arrest rates than those without mental illness ...
Anti-psychiatry, sometimes spelled antipsychiatry, is a movement based on the view that psychiatric treatment can be often more damaging than helpful to patients. [1] [2] The term anti-psychiatry was coined in 1912, and the movement emerged in the 1960s, highlighting controversies about psychiatry. [3]
As in many countries, homosexual people were historically committed to mental institutions and given 'treatment' for what was believed to be a mental illness. [23] About 4,000 people in New Zealand are committed to compulsory-detention on the grounds of a mental disorder every year. [8]