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Levine, Richard R. "Indian fighters and Indian reformers: Grant's Indian peace policy and the conservative consensus." Civil War History 31.4 (1985): 329-352. Lookingbill, Brad D. ed. A Companion to Custer and the Little Bighorn Campaign (2015). Michno, Gregory F. (2003). Encyclopedia of Indian Wars. Missoula, Montana: Mountain Press Publishing ...
Grant's Indian peace policy [ edit ] Beginning in 1869, and in concert with the board, President Ulysses S. Grant attempted to formulate a new humane policy towards Native American tribes that was free of political corruption.
Beginning in 1869, Grant had crafted a policy of close church-state collaboration through the Board of Indian Commissioners as a means to maintain peace with the tribes and to fight the corruption in government that was rampant within the Office of Indian Affairs. In force to 1881, the policy's implementation gave Catholic missionaries ...
Grant's policy was undermined by Parker's resignation in 1871, denominational infighting among religious agents, and entrenched economic interests. [391] Nonetheless, Indian wars declined overall during Grant's first term, and on October 1, 1872, Major General Oliver Otis Howard negotiated peace with the Apache leader Cochise. [392]
Following the massacre, President Ulysses S. Grant adopted a "Peace Policy." and ended discussions about returning control of Indian affairs to the U.S. Army. [31] In an attempt to raise the quality of appointees, Grant appointed as Indian agents numerous Quakers and other persons affiliated with religious groups. [32] [citation needed]
With his familiarity of Indian life, Parker became the chief architect of Grant's Peace policy. [29] Grant's plan was to replace the often corrupt political patronage system of managing Indian affairs with one that relied much less on the military and instead used religious denominations to take charge of managing the reservations.
Nearly half a dozen such schools operated in California, taking Native American children from their families and purging them of everything that made them Indian. The program officially ended in 1969.
During Belknap's tenure, American Indians authorized by Grant's Indian peace policy were sold top of the line breech-loaders and repeating rifles at the tradership posts on the Western frontier. [6] Violence on the Western frontier decreased starting in 1870 and lasting until 1875.