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In 1930, the MPPDA introduced the Motion Picture Production Code, commonly called the Hays Code. The Code consisted of moral guidelines regarding what was acceptable to include in films. [12] Unlike the "Dont's and Be Carefuls", which the studios had ignored, the Production Code was endorsed by studio executives. [5]
Thou Shalt Not, a 1940 photo by Whitey Schafer deliberately subverting some of the Code's strictures. In the 1920s, Hollywood was rocked by a number of notorious scandals, such as the murder of William Desmond Taylor and the alleged rape of Virginia Rappe by popular movie star Roscoe "Fatty" Arbuckle, which brought widespread condemnation from religious, civic and political organizations.
Cultural code refers to several related concepts about the body of shared practices, expectations and conventions specific to a given domain of a culture. Under one interpretation, a cultural code is seen as defining a set of images that are associated with a particular group of stereotypes in our minds.
The Film Classification Board (FCB) classifies films and stage plays on behalf of the Ministry of Arts and Cultural Heritage. Film will be awarded one of the following classifications in accordance with the Film Act 2002 or rejected. [97] U (Universal) – Suitable for all audiences.
Pre-Code Hollywood was an era in the American film industry that occurred between the widespread adoption of sound in film in the late 1920s and the enforcement of the Motion Picture Production Code censorship guidelines (popularly known as the Hays Code) in 1934.
The Pawnbroker was the first film since pre-Code era featuring bare breasts to receive Production Code approval. In his 2008 study of films during that era, Pictures at a Revolution, author Mark Harris wrote that the MPAA's action was "the first of a series of injuries to the Production Code that would prove fatal within three years." [13]
The film rating system has had a number of high-profile critics. Film critic Roger Ebert called for replacing the NC-17 rating with separate ratings for pornographic and non-pornographic adult film. [87] Ebert argued that the system places too much emphasis on sex, while allowing the portrayal of massive amounts of gruesome violence.
Pre-Code Hollywood is the era in the American film industry after the introduction of sound in the early 1920s [1] and the enforcement of the Motion Picture Production Code (Hays Code) censorship guidelines. Although the Code was adopted in 1930, oversight was poor and it did not become effectively enforced until July 1, 1934.