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The individual's pre-test probability was more than twice the one of the population sample, although the individual's post-test probability was less than twice the one of the population sample (which is estimated by the positive predictive value of the test of 10%), opposite to what would result by a less accurate method of simply multiplying ...
Likelihood ratios in diagnostic testing. In evidence-based medicine, likelihood ratios are used for assessing the value of performing a diagnostic test. They use the sensitivity and specificity of the test to determine whether a test result usefully changes the probability that a condition (such as a disease state) exists.
Cognitive pretesting. Cognitive pretesting, or cognitive interviewing, is a field research method where data is collected on how the subject answers interview questions. It is the evaluation of a test or questionnaire before it's administered. [1] It allows survey researchers to collect feedback regarding survey responses and is used in ...
When an individual being tested has a different pre-test probability of having a condition than the control groups used to establish the PPV and NPV, the PPV and NPV are generally distinguished from the positive and negative post-test probabilities, with the PPV and NPV referring to the ones established by the control groups, and the post-test ...
The Solomon four-group design is a research method developed by Richard Solomon in 1949. [1] It is sometimes used in social science, psychology and medicine. It can be used if there are concerns that the treatment might be sensitized by the pre-test. [2] In addition of the usual two groups (treatment and control), it has a second pair of groups ...
According to the World Bank's Independent Evaluation Group (IEG), impact evaluation is the systematic identification of the effects positive or negative, intended or not on individual households, institutions, and the environment caused by a given development activity such as a program or project. [24]
The testing effect (also known as retrieval practice, active recall, practice testing, or test-enhanced learning) [1][2][3] suggests long-term memory is increased when part of the learning period is devoted to retrieving information from memory. [4] It is different from the more general practice effect, defined in the APA Dictionary of ...
Educational assessment. Educational assessment or educational evaluation[1] is the systematic process of documenting and using empirical data on the knowledge, skill, attitudes, aptitude and beliefs to refine programs and improve student learning. [2] Assessment data can be obtained by examining student work directly to assess the achievement ...