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Amino acids are organic compounds that contain both amino and carboxylic acid functional groups. [1] Although over 500 amino acids exist in nature, by far the most important are the 22 α-amino acids incorporated into proteins. [2] Only these 22 appear in the genetic code of life. [3][4]
Protein primary structure is the linear sequence of amino acids in a peptide or protein. [1] By convention, the primary structure of a protein is reported starting from the amino -terminal (N) end to the carboxyl -terminal (C) end. Protein biosynthesis is most commonly performed by ribosomes in cells.
An essential amino acid, or indispensable amino acid, is an amino acid that cannot be synthesized from scratch by the organism fast enough to supply its demand, and must therefore come from the diet. Of the 21 amino acids common to all life forms, the nine amino acids humans cannot synthesize are valine, isoleucine, leucine, methionine ...
Tryptophan (symbol Trp or W) [3] is an α- amino acid that is used in the biosynthesis of proteins. Tryptophan contains an α -amino group, an α- carboxylic acid group, and a side chain indole, making it a polar molecule with a non-polar aromatic beta carbon substituent.
In evolutionary biology, conserved sequences are identical or similar sequences in nucleic acids (DNA and RNA) or proteins across species (orthologous sequences), or within a genome (paralogous sequences), or between donor and receptor taxa (xenologous sequences). Conservation indicates that a sequence has been maintained by natural selection.
The ORF Finder (Open Reading Frame Finder) [15] is a graphical analysis tool which finds all open reading frames of a selectable minimum size in a user's sequence or in a sequence already in the database. This tool identifies all open reading frames using the standard or alternative genetic codes. The deduced amino acid sequence can be saved in ...
Glycosaminoglycans[1] (GAGs) or mucopolysaccharides[2] are long, linear polysaccharides consisting of repeating disaccharide units (i.e. two-sugar units). The repeating two-sugar unit consists of a uronic sugar and an amino sugar, except in the case of the sulfated glycosaminoglycan keratan, where, in place of the uronic sugar there is a ...
Leucine (symbol Leu or L) [3] is an essential amino acid that is used in the biosynthesis of proteins.Leucine is an α-amino acid, meaning it contains an α-amino group (which is in the protonated −NH 3 + form under biological conditions), an α-carboxylic acid group (which is in the deprotonated −COO − form under biological conditions), and a side chain isobutyl group, making it a non ...