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  2. List of fallacies - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_fallacies

    Definitional retreat – changing the meaning of a word when an objection is raised. [22] Often paired with moving the goalposts (see below), as when an argument is challenged using a common definition of a term in the argument, and the arguer presents a different definition of the term and thereby demands different evidence to debunk the argument.

  3. Qisas - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qisas

    e. Qisas or Qiṣāṣ (Arabic: قِصَاص, romanized:Qiṣāṣ, lit. 'accountability, following up after, pursuing or prosecuting') is an Islamic term interpreted to mean "retaliation in kind", [ 1 ][ 2 ] " eye for an eye ", or retributive justice. Qisas and diyya are two of several forms of punishment in classical/traditional Islamic ...

  4. Fallacy - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fallacy

    A formal fallacy, deductive fallacy, logical fallacy or non sequitur (Latin for "it does not follow") is a flaw in the structure of a deductive argument that renders the argument invalid. The flaw can be expressed in the standard system of logic. [1] Such an argument is always considered to be wrong.

  5. Mistaken identity - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mistaken_identity

    Mistaken identity is a defense in criminal law which claims the actual innocence of the criminal defendant, and attempts to undermine evidence of guilt by asserting that any eyewitness to the crime incorrectly thought that they saw the defendant, when in fact the person seen by the witness was someone else. The defendant may question both the ...

  6. Bias - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bias

    The word appears to derive from Old Provençal into Old French biais, "sideways, askance, against the grain". Whence comes French biais, "a slant, a slope, an oblique". [3] It seems to have entered English via the game of bowls, where it referred to balls made with a greater weight on one side. Which expanded to the figurative use, "a one-sided ...

  7. PDF - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PDF

    This is an accepted version of this page This is the latest accepted revision, reviewed on 13 October 2024. Portable Document Format, a digital file format For other uses, see PDF (disambiguation). Portable Document Format Adobe PDF icon Filename extension.pdf Internet media type application/pdf, application/x-pdf application/x-bzpdf application/x-gzpdf Type code PDF (including a single ...

  8. Zulm - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zulm

    Zulm. Ẓulm (ظلم, Ẓulm) is the Arabic word used interchangeably for cruelty or unjust acts of exploitation, oppression, and wrongdoing, whereby a person either deprives others of their rights or does not fulfill his obligations towards them. It is used in Urdu and Hindi in the same sense.

  9. Ghost - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghost

    The sense of ghosts as invisible, mysterious entities is invoked in several terms that use the word metaphorically, such as ghostwriter (a writer who pens texts credited to another person without revealing the ghostwriter's role as an author); ghost singer (a vocalist who records songs whose vocals are credited to another person); and "ghosting ...