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2. National Council Licensure Examination - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Council_Licensure...

   Most of the questions of the NCLEX exam are worded questions with multiple choice answers. In recent years, however, the NCSBN has added new format questions which do not involve simple multiple-choice selection. Examples of the new formats include identifying and selecting a particular area of a drawn body part, selecting multiple correct ...

3. Tumor suppressor gene - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tumor_suppressor_gene

   Mutated p53 is involved in many human cancers, of the 6.5 million cancer diagnoses each year about 37% are connected to p53 mutations. [30] This makes it a popular target for new cancer therapies. Homozygous loss of p53 is found in 65% of colon cancers, 30–50% of breast cancers, and 50% of lung cancers.

4. Cancer treatment - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancer_treatment

   Cancer treatment needs to be selected to do least harm to both the woman and her embryo/fetus. In some cases a therapeutic abortion may be recommended. Radiation therapy is out of the question, and chemotherapy always poses the risk of miscarriage and congenital malformations. [63] Little is known about the effects of medications on the child.

5. Warburg effect (oncology) - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warburg_effect_(oncology)

   In cancer cells, major changes in gene expression increase glucose uptake to support their rapid growth. Unlike normal cells, which produce lactate only when oxygen is low, cancer cells convert much of the glucose to lactate even in the presence of adequate oxygen. This is known as the “Warburg Effect.”

6. The Hallmarks of Cancer - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hallmarks_of_Cancer

   The hallmarks of cancer were originally six biological capabilities acquired during the multistep development of human tumors and have since been increased to eight capabilities and two enabling capabilities. The idea was coined by Douglas Hanahan and Robert Weinberg in their paper "The Hallmarks of Cancer" published January 2000 in Cell. [1]

7. Cancer stem cell - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancer_stem_cell

   The cancer stem cell model, also known as the Hierarchical Model proposes that tumors are hierarchically organized (CSCs lying at the apex [6] (Fig. 3).) Within the cancer population of the tumors there are cancer stem cells (CSC) that are tumorigenic cells and are biologically distinct from other subpopulations [7] They have two defining features: their long-term ability to self-renew and ...