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The electronic configuration of most neutral gas-phase lanthanide atoms is [Xe]6s 2 4f n, where n is 56 less than the atomic number Z. Exceptions are La, Ce, Gd, and Lu, which have 4f n −1 5d 1 (though even then 4f n is a low-lying excited state for La, Ce, and Gd; for Lu, the 4f shell is already full, and the fifteenth electron has no choice ...
Here [Ne] refers to the core electrons which are the same as for the element neon (Ne), the last noble gas before phosphorus in the periodic table. The valence electrons (here 3s 2 3p 3) are written explicitly for all atoms. Electron configurations of elements beyond hassium (element 108) have never been measured; predictions are used below.
Among the lanthanides, lanthanum is exceptional as it has no 4f electrons as a single gas-phase atom. Thus it is only very weakly paramagnetic , unlike the strongly paramagnetic later lanthanides (with the exceptions of the last two, ytterbium and lutetium , where the 4f shell is completely full). [ 20 ]
General What links here; ... the electron configuration is the distribution of electrons of an atom or molecule ... and in the lanthanides, the 6s is higher than the ...
Configurations of elements 109 and above are not available. Predictions from reliable sources have been used for these elements. Grayed out electron numbers indicate subshells filled to their maximum. Bracketed noble gas symbols on the left represent inner configurations that are the same in each period. Written out, these are: He, 2, helium : 1s 2
Many textbooks however show group 3 as containing scandium, yttrium, lanthanum, and actinium, a format based on historically wrongly measured electron configurations: [4] Lev Landau and Evgeny Lifshitz already considered it to be "incorrect" in 1948, [5] but the issue was brought to a wide debate only in 1982 by William B. Jensen.
n′ℓ is an attempt to describe electronic configuration of the excited electron in a way of describing electronic configuration of hydrogen atom. # is an additional number denoted to each energy level of given n′ℓ (there can be multiple energy levels of given electronic configuration, denoted by the term symbol).
The element's atomic radius is the second largest among all the lanthanides but is only slightly greater than those of the neighboring elements. [5] It is the most notable exception to the general trend of the contraction of lanthanide atoms with the increase of their atomic numbers (lanthanide contraction [6]). Many properties of promethium ...