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Viewing the lanthanides from left to right in the periodic table, the seven 4f atomic orbitals become progressively more filled (see above and Periodic table § Electron configuration table). The electronic configuration of most neutral gas-phase lanthanide atoms is [Xe]6s 2 4f n , where n is 56 less than the atomic number Z .
The lanthanides become harder as the series is traversed: as expected, lanthanum is a soft metal. Lanthanum has a relatively high resistivity of 615 nΩm at room temperature; in comparison, the value for the good conductor aluminium is only 26.50 nΩm. [28] [29] Lanthanum is the least volatile of the lanthanides. [30]
The ionic radii of the lanthanides decrease from 103 pm (La 3+) to 86 pm (Lu 3+) in the lanthanide series, electrons are added to the 4f shell.This first f shell is inside the full 5s and 5p shells (as well as the 6s shell in the neutral atom); the 4f shell is well-localized near the atomic nucleus and has little effect on chemical bonding.
Electron configuration 4f 1 5d 1 6s 2 [3] ... Cerium is the second element in the lanthanide series, ... This effect is overwhelmed when the atom is positively ...
Praseodymium is the third member of the lanthanide series, and a member of the rare-earth metals. In the periodic table, it appears between the lanthanides cerium to its left and neodymium to its right, and above the actinide protactinium. It is a ductile metal with a hardness comparable to that of silver. [11]
Neodymium is the fourth member of the lanthanide series. In the periodic table, it appears between the lanthanides praseodymium to its left and the radioactive element promethium to its right, and above the actinide uranium. Its 60 electrons are arranged in the configuration [Xe]4f 4 6s 2, of which the six 4f and 6s electrons are valence.
In atomic physics and quantum chemistry, the electron configuration is the distribution of electrons of an atom or molecule (or other physical structure) in atomic or molecular orbitals. [1] For example, the electron configuration of the neon atom is 1s 2 2s 2 2p 6 , meaning that the 1s, 2s, and 2p subshells are occupied by two, two, and six ...
It is relatively stable in air compared to the more reactive lanthanides in the first half of the lanthanide series. [11] Terbium exists in two crystal allotropes with a transformation temperature of 1289 °C between them. [10] The 65 electrons of a terbium atom are arranged in the electron configuration [Xe]4f 9 6s 2.