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Isoimmunization occurs when the maternal immune system is sensitized to red blood cell surface antigens. The most common causes of isoimmunization are blood transfusion, and fetal-maternal hemorrhage. [12] The hemolytic process can result in anemia, hyperbilirubinemia, neonatal thrombocytopenia, and neonatal neutropenia. [6]
Stillbirth; Other names: Fetal death, fetal demise [1] Ultrasound is often used to diagnose stillbirth and medical conditions that raise the risk. Specialty: Obstetrics and Gynaecology, neonatology, pediatrics, Symptoms: Fetal death at or after 20 / 28 weeks of pregnancy [1] [2]: Overview tab Causes: Often unknown, pregnancy complications [1 ...
This is a major cause of HDN, because 75% of pregnancies result in some contact between fetal and maternal blood, and 15–50% of pregnancies have hemorrhages with the potential for immune sensitization. The amount of fetal blood needed to cause maternal sensitization depends on the individual's immune system and ranges from 0.1 mL to 30 mL. [5]
The placenta functions as an immunological barrier between the mother and the fetus, creating an immunologically privileged site. For this purpose, it uses several mechanisms: It secretes neurokinin B containing phosphocholine molecules. This is the same mechanism used by parasitic nematodes to avoid detection by the immune system of their host ...
The antibodies in ABO HDN cause anemia due to destruction of fetal red blood cells and jaundice due to the rise in blood levels of bilirubin a by-product of hemoglobin break down. If the anemia is severe, it can be treated with a blood transfusion, however this is rarely needed.
Anemia is a condition in which blood has a lower-than-normal amount of red blood cells or hemoglobin. [1] Anemia in pregnancy is a decrease in the total red blood cells (RBCs) or hemoglobin in the blood during pregnancy. Anemia is an extremely common condition in pregnancy world-wide, conferring a number of health risks to mother and child. [2]
The cause for the disorder is related to a genetic mutation of the HBB gene. This gene is responsible for providing the instructions to produce beta-globin; one of the major components of hemoglobin. The two classification types of beta thalassemia are thalassemia major (also known as Cooley's anemia) and thalassemia intermedia. [30]
Fetal distress, also known as non-reassuring fetal status, is a condition during pregnancy or labor in which the fetus shows signs of inadequate oxygenation. [1] Due to its imprecision, the term "fetal distress" has fallen out of use in American obstetrics. [2] [1] [3] The term "non-reassuring fetal status" has largely replaced it. [4]