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Scandium oxide is the primary form of refined scandium produced by the mining industry. Scandium-rich ores, such as thortveitite (Sc,Y) 2 (Si 2 O 7) and kolbeckite ScPO 4 ·2H 2 O are rare, however trace amounts of scandium are present in many other minerals.
Scandium-stabilized zirconia enjoys a growing market demand for use as a high-efficiency electrolyte in solid oxide fuel cells. [citation needed] The USGS reports that, from 2015 to 2019 in the US, the price of small quantities of scandium ingot has been $107 to $134 per gram, and that of scandium oxide $4 to $5 per gram. [34]
Kangite is an exceedingly rare scandium mineral, a natural form of impure scandium oxide (Sc 2 O 3), with the formula (Sc,Ti,Al,Zr,Mg,Ca, ) 2 O 3. It crystallizes in the cubic crystal system diploidal class. [1] In terms of chemistry it scandium-analogue of tistarite. Both kangite and tistarite were discovered in the Allende meteorite. [2] [1 ...
Rare earths were mainly discovered as components of minerals. The term "rare" refers to these rarely found minerals and "earth" comes from an old name for oxides, the chemical form for these elements in the mineral. [16]: 5 A mineral discovered by Lieutenant Carl Axel Arrhenius in 1787 at a quarry in the village of Ytterby, Sweden.
The U.S. is 100% reliant on imports for 12 minerals that are key to the production of semiconductors and other high-tech products. China has a ‘near monopoly’ on many critical minerals.
Scandium is present in many ixiolite sample with percentages up to 4.0 percent Sc 2 O 3, but usually less than one percent scandium oxide. High scandium ixiolites, containing from 4 to 19% scandium oxide are typically also rich in tin and titanium.
In all four halides, the scandium is 6-coordinated. They can be prepared by reacting scandium oxide or scandium hydroxide with the corresponding acid: [3] Sc(OH) 3 + 3 HX → ScX 3 + 3 H 2 O. The halides are Lewis acids; for example, ScF 3 dissolves in a solution containing excess fluoride ion to form [ScF 6] 3−. The coordination number 6 is ...
The oxide mineral class includes those minerals in which the oxide anion (O 2−) is bonded to one or more metal alloys. The hydroxide -bearing minerals are typically included in the oxide class. Minerals with complex anion groups such as the silicates , sulfates , carbonates and phosphates are classed separately.