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Umber is a natural brown pigment extracted from clay containing iron, manganese, and hydroxides. [11] Umber has diverse hues, ranging from yellow-brown to reddish-brown and even green-brown. The color shade varies depending on the proportions of the components. When heated, umber becomes a more intense color and can look almost black.
Burnt umber is made by heating raw umber, which dehydrates the iron oxides and changes them partially to the more reddish hematite. It is used for both oil and water color paint. At a hue of 9, it is classified as a red-brown. The first recorded use of burnt umber as a color name in English was in 1650. [5]
Sienna is lighter in shade than raw umber, which is also clay with iron oxide, but which has a significantly higher content of manganese (5 to 20 percent) making it greenish brown or dark brown in color. When heated, raw umber becomes burnt umber, a very dark brown. [8]
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Raw umber (PBr7): a natural clay pigment consisting of iron oxide, manganese oxide and aluminum oxide: Fe 2 O 3 + MnO 2 + n H 2 O + SiO 2 + Al 2 O 3. When calcined (heated) it is referred to as burnt umber and has more intense colors. Raw sienna (PBr7): a naturally occurring yellow-brown pigment
Laurentien brand coloured pencils are also known as "pencil crayons" in Canada. [2] They were available in packages of differing sizes. Each coloured pencil is painted in a colour matching the lead, and labelled in white (Cotton White has yellow lettering) with both the name of the colour and a number assigned to each colour.
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