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Crayfish plague first arrived in Europe in Italy in 1859, either with imported crayfish from North America, [5] or in ballast water discharge. [6] After its original introduction in Italy in 1860, it spread quickly through Europe and was discovered in Sweden in 1907, in Spain in 1972, in Norway in 1971, in Great Britain in 1981, in Turkey in 1984 and in Ireland in 1987.
Crayfish are susceptible to infections such as crayfish plague and to environmental stressors including acidification. In Europe, they are particularly threatened by crayfish plague, which is caused by the North American water mold Aphanomyces astaci. This water mold was transmitted to Europe when North American species of crayfish were ...
The introduced marbled crayfish may also be a significant threat, both by outcompeting native crayfish and spreading the devastating crayfish plague to them, although crayfish plague-induced declines have not been noted among native Astacoides in places where they co-occur with marbled crayfish. [5] [6]
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Crayfish plague: Invasive in Europe. Native to North America. Ardisia elliptica: Tree Coralberry, duck's eye, shoebutton ardisia Invasive in tropical Australia, South Florida, the Caribbean, and many Pacific and Indian Ocean islands. Native to South and Southeast Asia. Arundo donax: Grass
The signal crayfish (Pacifastacus leniusculus) is a species of crayfish indigenous to North America.Introduced to Europe in the 1960s to supplement the North European Astacus astacus fisheries, which were being damaged by crayfish plague, it was subsequently discovered that the signal was itself a carrier of that disease.
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Do authors actually like the books they endorse—or even read them? Writers, literary agents, and publishing workers take Esquire inside the story of a problematic "favor economy."