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The general cause of this disease appears to be prolonged and heavy consumption of alcohol accompanied by a nutritional deficiency. However, there is ongoing debate over the active mechanisms, [ 6 ] [ 7 ] including whether the main cause is the direct toxic effect of alcohol itself or whether the disease is a result of alcoholism-related ...
There are several causes of toxic optic neuropathy. [1] Among these are: ingestion of methanol (wood alcohol), ethylene glycol (automotive antifreeze), disulfiram (used to treat chronic alcoholism), halogenated hydroquinolones (amebicidal medications), ethambutol and isoniazid (tuberculosis treatment), and antibiotics such as linezolid and chloramphenicol as well as chloroquine and the related ...
Jaundice is commonly associated with severity of disease with an incidence of up to 40% of patients requiring intensive care in ICU experiencing jaundice. [48] The causes of jaundice in the intensive care setting is both due to jaundice as the primary reason for ICU stay or as a morbidity to an underlying disease (i.e. sepsis). [48]
Hepatitis, commonly virus- or alcohol-induced, causes internal liver inflammation and disrupts conjugated bilirubin transport. [6] Among primary hepatotropic viruses , Hepatitis A presents acute onset of jaundice, usually after the first 2–3 days upon entering the icteric phase while chronic Hepatitis B and C manifest jaundice gradually. [ 21 ]
Kernicterus is a bilirubin-induced brain dysfunction. [1] The term was coined in 1904 by Christian Georg Schmorl.Bilirubin is a naturally occurring substance in the body of humans and many other animals, but it is neurotoxic when its concentration in the blood is too high, a condition known as hyperbilirubinemia.
Unless the patient is concurrently affected by hepatic dysfunctions or is experiencing hepatocellular damage, the liver does not contribute to this type of jaundice. [1] As one of the three categories of jaundice, the most obvious sign of hemolytic jaundice is the discolouration or yellowing of the sclera and the skin of the patient, but ...
Methyl alcohol amblyopia occurs through acute poisoning by methyl alcohol and may lead to complete blindness. Since the term toxic amblyopia is a misnomer according to modern definition of amblyopia , it is now more accurately termed as toxic retinopathies or neuropathies.
Hy's law is a rule of thumb that a patient is at high risk of a fatal drug-induced liver injury if given a medication that causes hepatocellular injury (not Hepatobiliary injury) with jaundice. [1] The law is based on observations by Hy Zimmerman, a major scholar of drug-induced liver injury.