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  2. Four-sides model - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Four-sides_model

    The four-sides model (also known as communication square or four-ears model) is a communication model postulated in 1981 by German psychologist Friedemann Schulz von Thun. According to this model every message has four facets though not the same emphasis might be put on each.

  3. Nonuniform sampling - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nonuniform_sampling

    Nonuniform sampling is a branch of sampling theory involving results related to the Nyquist–Shannon sampling theorem. Nonuniform sampling is based on Lagrange interpolation and the relationship between itself and the (uniform) sampling theorem. Nonuniform sampling is a generalisation of the Whittaker–Shannon–Kotelnikov (WSK) sampling theorem.

  4. Models of communication - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Models_of_communication

    Many models of communication include the idea that a sender encodes a message and uses a channel to transmit it to a receiver. Noise may distort the message along the way. The receiver then decodes the message and gives some form of feedback. [1] Models of communication simplify or represent the process of communication.

  5. Lasswell's model of communication - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lasswell's_model_of...

    A model of communication is a simplified presentation that aims to give a basic explanation of the process by highlighting its most fundamental characteristics and components. [16] [8] [17] For example, James Watson and Anne Hill see Lasswell's model as a mere questioning device and not as a full model of communication. [10]

  6. Differential item functioning - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Differential_item_functioning

    Identifying and addressing nonuniform DIF requires a deeper understanding of the underlying cognitive processes involved and may require tailored interventions to ensure fair assessment practices. In DIF studies, uncovering certain items exhibiting DIF is common, indicating potential issues needing scrutiny.

  7. Scalar implicature - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scalar_implicature

    In pragmatics, scalar implicature, or quantity implicature, [1] is an implicature that attributes an implicit meaning beyond the explicit or literal meaning of an utterance, and which suggests that the utterer had a reason for not using a more informative or stronger term on the same scale. The choice of the weaker characterization suggests ...

  8. Speech codes theory - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speech_codes_theory

    It presents a general answer to the question of how speech codes relate to communicative conduct." [ 3 ] According to Gerry Philipsen, the Speech Codes Theory is a historically enacted, socially constructed system of terms, meanings, premises, and rules, pertaining to communicative conduct.

  9. Multiple instruction, multiple data - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiple_instruction...

    Examples of distributed memory (multiple computers) include MPP (massively parallel processors), COW (clusters of workstations) and NUMA (non-uniform memory access). The former is complex and expensive: Many super-computers coupled by broad-band networks. Examples include hypercube and mesh interconnections.