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An economic theory that defines wealth by the amount of precious metals owned. [48] business cycle. Also called the economic cycle or trade cycle. The downward and upward movement of gross domestic product (GDP) around its long-term growth trend. [49] The length of a business cycle is the period of time containing a single boom and contraction ...
Thus, the nominal short-term interest rate is always greater than or equal to zero. In Black's model, the shadow nominal short-term rate is what the nominal short-term rate would be if it was allowed to go below the zero lower bound. When the shadow nominal short-term rate is positive, the nominal short-term rate is equal to the shadow rate.
Economists commonly use the term recession to mean either a period of two successive calendar quarters each having negative growth [clarification needed] of real gross domestic product [1] [2] [3] —that is, of the total amount of goods and services produced within a country—or that provided by the National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER): "...a significant decline in economic activity ...
Short interest can reflect general market sentiment toward a stock by indicating the number of shares sold short that remain outstanding. When measured it can be a useful but imperfect indicator ...
Short rate models are often classified as endogenous and exogenous. Endogenous short rate models are short rate models where the term structure of interest rates, or of zero-coupon bond prices (,), is an output of the model, so it is "inside the model" (endogenous) and is determined by the model parameters. Exogenous short rate models are ...
In other words, money would be tightened up in the system. Since then, the Fed’s balance sheet has declined from nearly $9 trillion to $7.2 trillion . Raising interest rates has also been part ...
In other words, it's how many times money is changing hands. The concept relates the size of economic activity to a given money supply, and the speed of money exchange is one of the variables that determine inflation. The measure of the velocity of money is usually the ratio of the gross national product (GNP) to a country's money supply.
Among economic policy makers, in official and academic papers, the natural rate of interest is often depicted as r* ("r-star"). [9] R-star (the natural rate of interest) is of particular interest because key economic issues for economic policy makers, at any time, revolve around the relationship between current long-term interest rates and r-star.