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The earliest models for electron spin imagined a rotating charged mass, but this model fails when examined in detail: the required space distribution does not match limits on the electron radius: the required rotation speed exceeds the speed of light. [4]
Then the electron mobility μ is defined as =. Electron mobility is almost always specified in units of cm 2 /(V⋅s). This is different from the SI unit of mobility, m 2 /(V⋅s). They are related by 1 m 2 /(V⋅s) = 10 4 cm 2 /(V⋅s). Conductivity is proportional to the product of mobility and carrier concentration. For example, the same ...
The mass-to-charge ratio (m/Q) is a physical quantity relating the mass (quantity of matter) and the electric charge of a given particle, expressed in units of kilograms per coulomb (kg/C). It is most widely used in the electrodynamics of charged particles , e.g. in electron optics and ion optics .
For electrons or electron holes in a solid, the effective mass is usually stated as a factor multiplying the rest mass of an electron, m e (9.11 × 10 −31 kg). This factor is usually in the range 0.01 to 10, but can be lower or higher—for example, reaching 1,000 in exotic heavy fermion materials , or anywhere from zero to infinity ...
The photon having non-zero linear momentum, one could imagine that it has a non-vanishing rest mass m 0, which is its mass at zero speed. However, we will now show that this is not the case: m 0 = 0. Since the photon propagates with the speed of light, special relativity is called for. The relativistic expressions for energy and momentum ...
m is the molecular mass of the metal, in kg; σ is the electric conductivity of the medium at the temperature considered, in S/m. ΔV is the voltage applied across the conductor, in V; ρ is the density (mass per unit volume) of the conductor, in kg⋅m −3; e is the elementary charge, in C; f is the number of free electrons per atom
Continuous charge distribution. The volume charge density ρ is the amount of charge per unit volume (cube), surface charge density σ is amount per unit surface area (circle) with outward unit normal nĚ‚, d is the dipole moment between two point charges, the volume density of these is the polarization density P.
In quantum mechanics, the Pauli equation or Schrödinger–Pauli equation is the formulation of the Schrödinger equation for spin-1/2 particles, which takes into account the interaction of the particle's spin with an external electromagnetic field.