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Manichaeism teaches an elaborate dualistic cosmology describing the struggle between a good, spiritual world of light, and an evil, material world of darkness. [8] Through an ongoing process that takes place in human history, light is gradually removed from the world of matter and returned to the world of light, whence it came.
Zandaqa is usually translated as "heresy" and is often used to underscore the seriousness of the religious views of the accused individual, and the rejection of such views by Islamic orthodoxy. [3] It originally referred to the adherents of Manichaeism , [ 3 ] but then came to be applied to those who were accused of having heretical beliefs and ...
Although Manichaeism has historically been a fairly unified religion, it has had some schisms over its history. [1] These schisms occurred from the sixth century AD until at least the 10th century AD. In the sixth century, there was a schism among Manichaeans between the Denawars and the see of Babylon, in response to persecution in Mesopotamia ...
[98] [99] Lady Ethel S. Drower "sees early Christianity as a Mandaean heresy" [100] and adds "heterodox Judaism in Galilee and Samaria appears to have taken shape in the form we now call gnostic, and it may well have existed some time before the Christian era."
The existence of older Christian heresies in the Bulgarian lands (Manichaeism and Paulicianism), which were considered very dualistic, influenced the Bogomil movement. Manichaeism's origin is related to Zoroastrianism; that is why Bogomilism is sometimes indirectly connected to Zoroastrianism in the sense of its duality.
Shapur was not converted to Manichaeism and remained Zoroastrian, but he favored Mani's teachings, which mixed Christianity, Buddhism and Zoroastrianism, and took him into his court. [ 9 ] [ 29 ] Mani is said to have performed miracles , including levitation , teleporting and healing , which helped him to gain converts in the Iranian elite. [ 30 ]
In Manichaeism, Jesus (Romanization of Parthian and Pahlavi: Yyšw '[Yišō]) [1] is considered one of the four prophets of the faith, along with Zoroaster, Gautama Buddha and Mani. [2] He is also a "guiding deity" who greets the light bodies of the righteous after their deliverance.
In theology or the history of religion, heresiology is the study of heresy, and heresiographies are writings about the topic. Heresiographical works were common in both medieval Christianity and Islam. Heresiology developed as a part of the emerging definition of Christian orthodoxy.