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Worldwide production in 2006 was 6610 tonnes [108] —about one-fifth the level of production in 1906; since then, opium production has fallen. [citation needed] In 2002, the price for one kilogram of opium was US$300 for the farmer, US$800 for purchasers in Afghanistan, and US$16,000 on the streets of Europe before conversion into heroin. [109]
The Brazilian Controlled Drugs and Substances Act (Portuguese: Regulamento Técnico sobre substâncias e medicamentos sujeitos a controle especial), officially Portaria nº 344/1998, [1] is Brazil's federal drug control statute, issued by the Ministry of Health through its National Health Surveillance Agency (Anvisa).
At the peak of its opium production in 2007, the Golden Crescent produced more than 8,000 of the world's almost 9,000 total tons of opium, a near monopoly. [6] The Golden Crescent also dominates the cannabis resin market due to the high resin yields of the region (145 kg/ha), four times more than Morocco (36 kg/ha). [ 7 ]
Other provisions mandated that opium be sold for cash only, allowed governments to establish monopolies on opium production, and limited the application of the agreement to the Far East. The Agreement was superseded by the 1961 Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs .
The Protocol for Limiting and Regulating the Cultivation of the Poppy Plant, the Production of, International and Wholesale Trade in, and Use of Opium, signed on 23 June 1953 in New York City, was a drug control treaty, promoted by Harry J. Anslinger, with the purpose of imposing stricter controls on opium production.
The 2007 production consisted of 8,870 metric tons (8,730 long tons) of illegal opium, 3,420 metric tons (3,370 long tons) of opium equivalent from legal poppy straw, and 300 metric tons (300 long tons) of legal opium. [5] Thus, over 90% of the world production of legal opiates, including medical morphine, now is produced from poppy straw.
A few years later, in 1912, the First International Opium Conference was convened in The Hague to continue the discussions initiated in Shanghai. The International Opium Convention (or 1912 Opium Convention) which was signed at the end of the Hague Conference, on 23 January 1912, is considered as the first international drug control treaty.
An opiate is an alkaloid substance derived from opium (or poppy straw). [1] It differs from the similar term opioid in that the latter is used to designate all substances, both natural and synthetic, that bind to opioid receptors in the brain (including antagonists). [ 2 ]