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2. Identity of indiscernibles - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Identity_of_indiscernibles

   A form of the principle is attributed to the German philosopher Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz. While some think that Leibniz's version of the principle is meant to be only the indiscernibility of identicals, others have interpreted it as the conjunction of the identity of indiscernibles and the indiscernibility of identicals (the

3. Gödel's ontological proof - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gödel's_ontological_proof

   From these hypotheses, it is also possible to prove that there is only one God in each world by Leibniz's law, the identity of indiscernibles: two or more objects are identical (the same) if they have all their properties in common, and so, there would only be one object in each world that possesses property G. Gödel did not attempt to do so ...

4. Identity (philosophy) - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Identity_(philosophy)

   In metaphysics, identity (from Latin: identitas, "sameness") is the relation each thing bears only to itself. [1] [2] The notion of identity gives rise to many philosophical problems, including the identity of indiscernibles (if x and y share all their properties, are they one and the same thing?), and questions about change and personal identity over time (what has to be the case for a person ...

5. Difference (philosophy) - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Difference_(philosophy)

   Gottfried Leibniz's Principle of the identity of indiscernibles states that two things are identical if and only if they share the same and only the same properties. This is a principle which defines identity rather than difference, although it established the tradition in logic and analytical philosophy of conceiving of identity and difference as oppositional.

6. List of eponymous laws - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_eponymous_laws

   Leibniz's law is a principle in metaphysics also known as the Identity of Indiscernibles. It states: "If two objects have all their properties in common, then they are one and the same object." Lenz's law: An induced current is always in such a direction as to oppose the motion or change causing it.

7. Law of identity - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_of_identity

   Objectivism, the philosophy founded by novelist Ayn Rand, is grounded in three axioms, one of which is the law of identity, "A is A." In the Objectivism of Ayn Rand, the law of identity is used with the concept existence to deduce that that which exists is something. [6] In Objectivist epistemology logic is based on the law of identity. [7]

8. Max Black - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Black

   In his "The Identity of Indiscernibles", Black presents an objection to Leibniz' Law by means of a hypothetical scenario in which he conceives two distinct spheres having exactly the same properties, thereby contradicting Leibniz' second principle in his formulation of "The Identity of Indiscernibles". By virtue of there being two objects ...

9. Simon Saunders - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_Saunders

   He was the first to apply the Hilbert-Bernays definition of identity in formal first-order languages to physical theories, both spacetime theories and quantum mechanics, [8] going on to show that elementary fermions and composite bosons in quantum theory satisfied the principle of identity of indiscernibles, using the Hilbert-Bernays definition ...