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Many construction cost estimators continue to rely primarily upon manual methods, hard copy documents, and/or electronic spreadsheets such as Microsoft Excel. While spreadsheets are relatively easy to master and provide a means to create and report a construction cost estimate and or cost models, their benefit comes largely from their ability ...
Estimating the cost savings required to justify the purchase of new equipment. [13] Determining the cost of continuing with existing equipment. [14] Where an asset undergoes a major overhaul, and the cost is not fully reflected in salvage values, to calculate the optimum life (i.e., lowest EAC) of holding on to the asset. [15]
Lead guttering: slate and pitched valley gutter flow into parapet gutter, with downpipe and overflow Eaves gutter and downpipe Decorative lead hopper head dated 1662, Durham Castle A rain gutter , eavestrough, eaves-shoot or surface water collection channel is a component of a water discharge system for a building. [ 1 ]
Microsoft Excel 2003 XML XML Spreadsheet Yes Yes Microsoft Excel 4/5/95 XLS, XLW, XLT Spreadsheet Yes Up to 3.6 [80] Microsoft Excel 97–2003 XLS, XLW, XLT Spreadsheet Yes Yes Microsoft Excel 2007-2021 XLSX Spreadsheet Yes Yes Microsoft Excel Web Query File IQY Data sources, text From 5.4 [81] Microsoft Office 2007-2021 Office Open XML: DOCX ...
For the Parshall flume equation used to calculate the flow rate, both empirical values C and n are known constants (with various values for each Parshall flume size) leaving Ha (depth upstream) as the only variable needing to be measured. Likewise, in the energy conservation equation, y 1 (or the depth of flow) is needed.
The Darcy-Weisbach equation was difficult to use because the friction factor was difficult to estimate. [7] In 1906, Hazen and Williams provided an empirical formula that was easy to use. The general form of the equation relates the mean velocity of water in a pipe with the geometric properties of the pipe and the slope of the energy line.
The pre-determined overhead rate is calculated before the period begins. The first step is to estimate the amount of the activity base that will be required to support operations in the upcoming period. The second step is to estimate the total manufacturing cost at that level of activity.
Invert level affects flow from drainage pipes. In civil engineering, the invert level is the base interior level of a pipe, trench or tunnel; it can be considered the "floor" level. [1]
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