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Unlike backward vertical integration, which serves to reduce costs of production, forward vertical integration allows a company to decrease its costs of distribution. This includes avoiding paying taxes for exchanges between stages in the chain of production, bypassing other price regulations, and removing the need for intermediary markets.
Tapered integration is a term from organization theory that refers to a mix of vertical integration and market exchange. [1] Upstream, a producer might manufacture some of the input itself and buy the remaining portion from independent firms.
A pure feed-forward system is different from a homeostatic control system, which has the function of keeping the body's internal environment 'steady' or in a 'prolonged steady state of readiness.' A homeostatic control system relies mainly on feedback (especially negative), in addition to the feedforward elements of the system.
A vertical merger occurs when two firms combine across the value chain, such as when a firm buys a former supplier (backward integration) or a former customer (forward integration). When there is no strategic relatedness between an acquiring firm and its target, this is called a conglomerate merger (Douma & Schreuder, 2013).
The television industry allows for certain insight when considering vertical integration due to the level of differentiating aspects the market provides. Within this industry, media markets have experienced various occasions in which integrated operators attempt to deter rival program services by means of increasing barriers to entry .
Requirements traceability is a sub-discipline of requirements management within software development and systems engineering.Traceability as a general term is defined by the IEEE Systems and Software Engineering Vocabulary [1] as (1) the degree to which a relationship can be established between two or more products of the development process, especially products having a predecessor-successor ...
Moving backward is also common in sports — think soccer players and referees. There are even some backward running and walking races, plus people moving in reverse while competing in famous ...
Vertical integration may be backwards or forward, and may lead to a foreclosure of the upmarket if the upstream firm has a near monopoly over e.g. raw material. [15] An example of vertical integration, is that of Apple, who control the manufacturing as well as distribution of their products.