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It is calculated by averaging the square of the poverty gap ratio. By squaring each poverty gap data, the measure puts more weight the further a poor person's observed income falls below the poverty line. The squared poverty gap index is one form of a weighted sum of poverty gaps, with the weight proportionate to the poverty gap. [9]
The poverty gap index denotes the extent to which individuals fall below the poverty line (poverty gap) as a proportion of the poverty line. By summing these poverty gaps we derive the minimum cost of eliminating poverty. [10] This method is only reasonable if the transfers could be made perfectly efficiently, which is unlikely. [14]
Various poverty lines and resulting percentage of BPL population Method Line Figure % of poor population Poor population World Bank (2021) poverty line 1.90 (PPP $ day) 6 84m [7] lower middle-income line 3.20 (PPP $ day) 26.2 365m [7] upper middle-income line 5.50 (PPP $ day) 60.1 838m [7] Asian Development Bank (2014) poverty line
The depth of poverty is the average 'gap' (G) between the level of deprivation poor people experience and the poverty cut-off line. M1 = H x A x G. Adjusted Squared Poverty Gap (M2): This measure reflects the incidence, intensity, and depth of poverty, as well as inequality among the poor (captured by the squared gap, S). M2 = H x A x S.
In Rajan's view the main cause of the increasing gap between high income and low income earners was lack of equal access to higher education for the latter. [329] Several studies have found a relationship between poverty reduction and good governance. A number of articles have found linkages between poverty reduction and good governance. [330]
M1: This measure reflects the incidence, intensity and depth of poverty. The depth of poverty is the 'gap' (G) between poverty and the poverty line (M1 = H x A x G). [12] M2: This measures reflects the incidence, intensity, depth of poverty and inequality among the poor (the squared gap, S) (M2 = H x A x S). [13]
For example, the poverty head count ratio at national poverty line (percentage of population) in India was last reported at 21.9% in 2011. [3] In July 2012, The New York Times reported the poverty head count ratio as 11.1% of the population of the United States in 1973, 15.2% in 1983 and 11.3% in 2000.
The Foster–Greer–Thorbecke indices are a family of poverty metrics.The most commonly used index from the family, FGT 2, puts higher weight on the poverty of the poorest individuals, making it a combined measure of poverty and income inequality and a popular choice within development economics.