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List of side effects of estradiol which may occur as a result of its use or have been associated with estrogen and/or progestogen therapy includes: [1] [2]. Gynecological: changes in vaginal bleeding, dysmenorrhea, increase in size of uterine leiomyomata, vaginitis including vaginal candidiasis, changes in cervical secretion and cervical ectropion, ovarian cancer, endometrial hyperplasia ...
[84] [85] [86] The preceding side effects of synthetic estrogens do not appear to occur in pregnant women, who already have very high estrogen levels. [84] This suggests that these effects are due to estrogenic activity. [84] Synthetic estrogens have markedly stronger effects on the liver and hepatic protein synthesis than natural estrogens.
As unopposed estrogen therapy (using estrogen alone without progesterone) increases the risk of endometrial hyperplasia and endometrial cancer in women with intact uteruses, estradiol is usually combined with a progestogen like progesterone or medroxyprogesterone acetate to prevent the effects of estradiol on the endometrium.
An estimated 3 million pregnant women in the USA were prescribed DES from 1941 through 1971. [2] [3] DES was also widely prescribed to women in Canada, the UK, Europe, Australia, and New Zealand during a similar period. Women who were prescribed DES during pregnancy have been shown to have a modestly increased risk of breast cancer and breast ...
Levels of estradiol in premenopausal women are highly variable throughout the menstrual cycle and reference ranges widely vary from source to source. [62] Estradiol levels are minimal and according to most laboratories range from 20 to 80 pg/mL during the early to mid follicular phase (or the first week of the menstrual cycle, also known as ...
3 mg 1x/3–4 weeks: 5 mg 1x/3–4 weeks Estradiol benzoate: 0.5 mg 1x/week: 1 mg 1x/week: 1.5 mg 1x/week SC implant: Estradiol: 25 mg 1x/6 months: 50 mg 1x/6 months: 100 mg 1x/6 months Footnotes: a = No longer used or recommended, due to health concerns. b = As a single patch applied once or twice per week (worn for 3–4 days or 7 days ...
Side effects of estradiol enantate include breast tenderness, breast enlargement, nausea, headache, and fluid retention. [16] Estradiol enantate is an estrogen and hence is an agonist of the estrogen receptor , the biological target of estrogens like estradiol .
Women are 4-5 times more likely to develop a clot during pregnancy and in the postpartum period than when they are not pregnant. [25] Hypercoagulability in pregnancy likely evolved to protect women from hemorrhage at the time of miscarriage or childbirth. In developing countries, the leading cause of maternal death is still hemorrhage. [25]